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<?xml version="1.0" encoding="utf-8"?>
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<!DOCTYPE html PUBLIC "-//W3C//DTD XHTML 1.0 Strict//EN"
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"http://www.w3.org/TR/xhtml1/DTD/xhtml1-strict.dtd">
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<html xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml" lang="fr" xml:lang="fr">
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<head>
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<meta http-equiv="Content-Type" content="text/html; charset=UTF-8" />
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<meta name="keywords" content="m4, SVG, XSLT, XML, design, programming, fractal">
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<link rel="alternate" lang="fr" xml:lang="fr" title="Accroître le pouvoir des languages déficients." type="text/html" hreflang="fr" href="/Scratch/fr/blog/SVG-and-m4-fractals/" />
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<link rel="alternate" lang="en" xml:lang="en" title="Increase the power of deficient languages." type="text/html" hreflang="en" href="/Scratch/en/blog/SVG-and-m4-fractals/" />
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<title>Increase the power of deficient languages.</title>
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</head>
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<body lang="en" class="article">
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<script type="text/javascript">// <![CDATA[
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// ]]>
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</script>
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<div id="content">
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<div class="return"><a href="#entete">↓ Menu ↓</a></div>
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<a href="/Scratch/fr/blog/SVG-and-m4-fractals/" onclick="setLanguage('fr')">en Français</a>
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<div id="titre">
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<h1>
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Increase the power of deficient languages.
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</h1>
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<h2>
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Fractals with SVG and m4
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</h2>
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</div>
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<div class="flush"></div>
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<div class="flush"></div>
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<div id="afterheader">
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<div class="corps">
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<p><img alt="Yesod logo made in SVG and m4" src="/Scratch/img/blog/SVG-and-m4-fractals/main.png" /></p>
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<div class="intro">
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<p><span class="sc"><abbr title="Too long; didn't read">tl;dr</abbr>: </span> How to use m4 to increase the power of deficient languages. Two examples: improve <span class="sc">xslt</span> syntax and make fractal with <span class="sc">svg</span>.</p>
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</div>
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<p><span class="sc">xml</span> was a very nice idea about structuring data.
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Some people where so enthusiastic about <span class="sc">xml</span> they saw it everywhere.
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The idea was: the future is <span class="sc">xml</span>.
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Then some believed it would be a good idea to invent many <span class="sc">xml</span> compatible format and even programming languages with <span class="sc">xml</span> syntax.</p>
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<p>Happy! Happy! Joy! Joy! </p>
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<p>Unfortunately, <span class="sc">xml</span> was made to transfert structured data.
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Not a format a human should see or edit directly.
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The sad reality is <span class="sc">xml</span> syntax is simply verbose and ugly.
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Most of the time it shouldn’t be a problem, as nobody should see it.
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In a perfect nice world, we should never deal directly with <span class="sc">xml</span> but only use software which deal with it for us.
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Guess what?
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Our world isn’t perfect. Too sad, a bunch of developer have to deal directly with this ugly <span class="sc">xml</span>.</p>
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<p>Unfortunately <span class="sc">xml</span> isn’t the only case of misused format I know.
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You have many format for which it would be very nice to add variables, loops, functions…</p>
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<p>If like me you hate with passion <span class="sc">xslt</span> or writing <span class="sc">xml</span>,
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I will show you how you could deal with this bad format
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or language.</p>
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<h2 id="the-span-classscxsltspan-example">The <span class="sc">xslt</span> Example</h2>
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<p>Let’s start by the worst case of misused <span class="sc">xml</span> I know: <span class="sc">xslt</span>.
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Any developer who had to deal with <span class="sc">xslt</span> know how horrible it is.</p>
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<p>In order to reduce the verbosity of such a bad languages, there is a way.
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<strong><code>m4</code></strong>. Yes, the preprocessor you use when you program in <code>C</code> and <code>C++</code>.</p>
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<p>Here are some example: </p>
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<ul>
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<li>Variable, instead of writing the natural <code>myvar = value</code>, here is the <span class="sc">xslt</span> way of doing this:</li>
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</ul>
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<pre class="twilight">
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<span class="MetaTagAll"><span class="MetaTagAll"><</span><span class="MetaTagAll">xsl</span><span class="MetaTagAll"><span class="MetaTagAll">:</span></span><span class="MetaTagAll">variable</span> <span class="MetaTagAll">name</span>=<span class="String"><span class="String">"</span>myvar<span class="String">"</span></span> <span class="MetaTagAll">select</span>=<span class="String"><span class="String">"</span>value<span class="String">"</span></span><span class="MetaTagAll">/></span></span>
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</pre>
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<ul>
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<li>Printing something. Instead of <code>print "Hello world!"</code> here is the <span class="sc">xslt</span> equivalent:</li>
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</ul>
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<pre class="twilight">
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<span class="MetaTagAll"><span class="MetaTagAll"><</span><span class="MetaTagAll">xsl</span><span class="MetaTagAll"><span class="MetaTagAll">:</span></span><span class="MetaTagAll">text</span> </span>
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<span class="MetaTagAll"> <span class="MetaTagAll">disable-output-escaping</span>=<span class="String"><span class="String">"</span>yes<span class="String">"</span></span><span class="MetaTagAll">></span></span><span class="String"><span class="String"><![CDATA[</span>Hello world!</span>
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<span class="String"><span class="String">]]></span></span><span class="MetaTagAll"><span class="MetaTagAll"></</span><span class="MetaTagAll">xsl</span><span class="MetaTagAll"><span class="MetaTagAll">:</span></span><span class="MetaTagAll">text</span><span class="MetaTagAll">></span></span>
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</pre>
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<ul>
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<li>printing the value of a variable, instead of <code>print myvar</code> the <span class="sc">xslt</span> is:</li>
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</ul>
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<pre class="twilight">
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<span class="MetaTagAll"><span class="MetaTagAll"><</span><span class="MetaTagAll">xslt</span><span class="MetaTagAll"><span class="MetaTagAll">:</span></span><span class="MetaTagAll">value-of</span> <span class="MetaTagAll">select</span>=<span class="String"><span class="String">"</span>myvar<span class="String">"</span></span><span class="MetaTagAll">/></span></span>
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</pre>
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<ul>
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<li>Just try to imagine how verbose it is to declare a function with this language.</li>
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</ul>
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<h2 id="the-cure-m4-to-the-rescue">The cure (m4 to the rescue)</h2>
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<pre class="twilight">
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<span class="DoctypeXmlProcessing"><span class="DoctypeXmlProcessing"><?</span><span class="DoctypeXmlProcessing">xml</span><span class="DoctypeXmlProcessing"> version</span>=<span class="DoctypeXmlProcessing"><span class="DoctypeXmlProcessing">"</span>1.0<span class="DoctypeXmlProcessing">"</span></span><span class="DoctypeXmlProcessing"> standalone</span>=<span class="DoctypeXmlProcessing"><span class="DoctypeXmlProcessing">"</span>yes<span class="DoctypeXmlProcessing">"</span></span><span class="DoctypeXmlProcessing">?></span></span> <span class="Comment"><span class="Comment"><!--</span> YES its <span class="sc">xml</span> <span class="Comment">--></span></span>
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<span class="Comment"><span class="Comment"><!--</span> ← start a comment, then write some m4 directives:</span>
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<span class="Comment" />
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<span class="Comment">define(`ydef',`<xsl:variable name="$1" select="$2"/>')</span>
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<span class="Comment">define(`yprint',`<xsl:text disable-output-escaping="yes"><![CDATA[$1]]></xsl:text>')</span>
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<span class="Comment">define(`yshow',`<xsl:value-of select="$1"/>')</span>
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<span class="Comment" />
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<span class="Comment"><span class="Comment">--></span></span>
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<span class="Comment"><span class="Comment"><!--</span> Yes, <span class="sc">xml</span> sucks to be read <span class="Comment">--></span></span>
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<span class="MetaTagAll"><span class="MetaTagAll"><</span><span class="MetaTagAll">xsl</span><span class="MetaTagAll"><span class="MetaTagAll">:</span></span><span class="MetaTagAll">stylesheet</span> <span class="MetaTagAll">version</span>=<span class="String"><span class="String">"</span>1.0<span class="String">"</span></span> <span class="MetaTagAll">xmlns</span><span class="MetaTagAll"><span class="MetaTagAll">:</span></span><span class="MetaTagAll">xsl</span>=<span class="String"><span class="String">"</span>http://www.w3.org/1999/XSL/Transform<span class="String">"</span></span><span class="MetaTagAll">></span></span>
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<span class="Comment"><span class="Comment"><!--</span> And it sucks even more to edit <span class="Comment">--></span></span>
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<span class="MetaTagAll"><span class="MetaTagAll"><</span><span class="MetaTagAll">xsl</span><span class="MetaTagAll"><span class="MetaTagAll">:</span></span><span class="MetaTagAll">template</span> <span class="MetaTagAll">match</span>=<span class="String"><span class="String">"</span>/<span class="String">"</span></span><span class="MetaTagAll">></span></span>
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ydef(myvar,value)
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yprint(Hello world!)
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yshow(myvar)
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<span class="MetaTagAll"><span class="MetaTagAll"></</span><span class="MetaTagAll">xsl</span><span class="MetaTagAll"><span class="MetaTagAll">:</span></span><span class="MetaTagAll">template</span><span class="MetaTagAll">></span></span>
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</pre>
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<p>Now just compile this file:</p>
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<pre class="twilight">
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m4 myfile.m4 <span class="Keyword">></span> myfile.xslt
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</pre>
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<p>Profit! Now <span class="sc">xslt</span> is more readable and easier to edit!</p>
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<h2 id="the-cool-part-fractals">The cool part: Fractals!</h2>
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<p><span class="sc">svg</span> is an <span class="sc">xml</span> format used to represent vector graphics, it even support animations.
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At its beginning some people believed it would be the new Flash. Apparently, it will be more canvas + js.</p>
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<p>Let me show you the result:</p>
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<p><a href="/Scratch/img/blog/SVG-and-m4-fractals/main.svg">
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<img alt="Yesod logo made in SVG and m4" src="/Scratch/img/blog/SVG-and-m4-fractals/main.png" />
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Click to view directly the <span class="sc">svg</span>. It might slow down your computers if you have an old one.
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</a></p>
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<p>The positionning of the “esod” text with regards to the reversed “λ” was done by changing position in firebug. I didn’t had to manually regenerate to test.</p>
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<p>Making such a fractal is mostly:</p>
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<ol>
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<li>take a root element</li>
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<li>duplicate and transform it (scaling, translating, rotate)</li>
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<li>the result is a sub new element.</li>
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<li>repeat from 2 but by taking the sub new element as new root.</li>
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<li>Stop when recursion is deep enough.</li>
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</ol>
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<p>If I had to do this for each step, I had make a lot of copy/paste in my <span class="sc">svg</span>, because the transformation is always the same, but I cannot say, use transformation named “titi”. Then instead of manually copying some <span class="sc">xml</span>, I used m4</p>
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<p>and here is the commented code:</p>
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<div class="code"><div class="file"><a href="/Scratch/en/blog/SVG-and-m4-fractals/code/yesodlogo.m4"> ➥ yesodlogo.m4 </a></div><div class="withfile">
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<pre class="twilight">
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<span class="DoctypeXmlProcessing"><span class="DoctypeXmlProcessing"><?</span><span class="DoctypeXmlProcessing">xml</span><span class="DoctypeXmlProcessing"> version</span>=<span class="DoctypeXmlProcessing"><span class="DoctypeXmlProcessing">"</span>1.0<span class="DoctypeXmlProcessing">"</span></span><span class="DoctypeXmlProcessing"> encoding</span>=<span class="DoctypeXmlProcessing"><span class="DoctypeXmlProcessing">"</span>UTF-8<span class="DoctypeXmlProcessing">"</span></span><span class="DoctypeXmlProcessing"> standalone</span>=<span class="DoctypeXmlProcessing"><span class="DoctypeXmlProcessing">"</span>no<span class="DoctypeXmlProcessing">"</span></span><span class="DoctypeXmlProcessing">?></span></span>
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<span class="Comment"><span class="Comment"><!--</span></span>
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<span class="Comment"> M4 Macros</span>
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<span class="Comment">define(`YTRANSFORMONE', `scale(.43) translate(-120,-69) rotate(-10)')</span>
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<span class="Comment">define(`YTRANSFORMTWO', `scale(.43) translate(-9,-67.5) rotate(10)')</span>
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<span class="Comment">define(`YTRANSFORMTHREE', `scale(.43) translate(53,41) rotate(120)')</span>
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<span class="Comment">define(`YGENTRANSFORM', `translate(364,274) scale(3)')</span>
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<span class="Comment">define(`YTRANSCOMPLETE', `</span>
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<span class="Comment"> <g id="level_$1"></span>
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<span class="Comment"> <use style="opacity: .8" transform="YTRANSFORMONE" xlink:href="#level_$2" /></span>
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<span class="Comment"> <use style="opacity: .8" transform="YTRANSFORMTWO" xlink:href="#level_$2" /></span>
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<span class="Comment"> <use style="opacity: .8" transform="YTRANSFORMTHREE" xlink:href="#level_$2" /></span>
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<span class="Comment"> </g></span>
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<span class="Comment"> <use transform="YGENTRANSFORM" xlink:href="#level_$1" /></span>
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<span class="Comment">')</span>
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<span class="Comment"> <span class="Comment">--></span></span>
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<span class="MetaTagAll"><span class="MetaTagAll"><</span><span class="MetaTagAll">svg</span> </span>
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<span class="MetaTagAll"> <span class="MetaTagAll">xmlns</span>=<span class="String"><span class="String">"</span>http://www.w3.org/2000/svg<span class="String">"</span></span> </span>
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<span class="MetaTagAll"> <span class="MetaTagAll">xmlns</span><span class="MetaTagAll"><span class="MetaTagAll">:</span></span><span class="MetaTagAll">xlink</span>=<span class="String"><span class="String">"</span>http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink<span class="String">"</span></span></span>
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<span class="MetaTagAll"> <span class="MetaTagAll">x</span>=<span class="String"><span class="String">"</span>64<span class="String">"</span></span> <span class="MetaTagAll">y</span>=<span class="String"><span class="String">"</span>64<span class="String">"</span></span> <span class="MetaTagAll">width</span>=<span class="String"><span class="String">"</span>512<span class="String">"</span></span> <span class="MetaTagAll">height</span>=<span class="String"><span class="String">"</span>512<span class="String">"</span></span> <span class="MetaTagAll">viewBox</span>=<span class="String"><span class="String">"</span>64 64 512 512<span class="String">"</span></span></span>
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<span class="MetaTagAll"> <span class="MetaTagAll">id</span>=<span class="String"><span class="String">"</span>svg2<span class="String">"</span></span> <span class="MetaTagAll">version</span>=<span class="String"><span class="String">"</span>1.1<span class="String">"</span></span><span class="MetaTagAll">></span></span>
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<span class="MetaTagAll"><span class="MetaTagAll"><</span><span class="MetaTagAll">g</span> <span class="MetaTagAll">id</span>=<span class="String"><span class="String">"</span>level_0<span class="String">"</span></span><span class="MetaTagAll">></span></span> <span class="Comment"><span class="Comment"><!--</span> some group, if I want to add other elements <span class="Comment">--></span></span>
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<span class="Comment"><span class="Comment"><!--</span> the text "λ" <span class="Comment">--></span></span>
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<span class="MetaTagAll"><span class="MetaTagAll"><</span><span class="MetaTagAll">text</span> <span class="MetaTagAll">id</span>=<span class="String"><span class="String">"</span>lambda<span class="String">"</span></span> </span>
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<span class="MetaTagAll"> <span class="MetaTagAll">fill</span>=<span class="String"><span class="String">"</span>#333<span class="String">"</span></span> <span class="MetaTagAll">style</span>=<span class="String"><span class="String">"</span>font-family:Ubuntu; font-size: 100px<span class="String">"</span></span></span>
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<span class="MetaTagAll"> <span class="MetaTagAll">transform</span>=<span class="String"><span class="String">"</span>rotate(180)<span class="String">"</span></span><span class="MetaTagAll">></span></span>λ<span class="MetaTagAll"><span class="MetaTagAll"></</span><span class="MetaTagAll">text</span><span class="MetaTagAll">></span></span>
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<span class="MetaTagAll"><span class="MetaTagAll"></</span><span class="MetaTagAll">g</span><span class="MetaTagAll">></span></span>
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<span class="Comment"><span class="Comment"><!--</span> the text "esod" <span class="Comment">--></span></span>
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<span class="MetaTagAll"><span class="MetaTagAll"><</span><span class="MetaTagAll">text</span> </span>
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<span class="MetaTagAll"> <span class="MetaTagAll">fill</span>=<span class="String"><span class="String">"</span>#333<span class="String">"</span></span> </span>
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<span class="MetaTagAll"> <span class="MetaTagAll">style</span>=<span class="String"><span class="String">"</span>font-family:Ubuntu; font-size: 28px; letter-spacing: -0.10em<span class="String">"</span></span> </span>
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<span class="MetaTagAll"> <span class="MetaTagAll">x</span>=<span class="String"><span class="String">"</span>-17.3<span class="String">"</span></span> </span>
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<span class="MetaTagAll"> <span class="MetaTagAll">y</span>=<span class="String"><span class="String">"</span>69<span class="String">"</span></span> </span>
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<span class="MetaTagAll"> <span class="MetaTagAll">transform</span>=<span class="String"><span class="String">"</span>YGENTRANSFORM<span class="String">"</span></span><span class="MetaTagAll">></span></span>esod<span class="MetaTagAll"><span class="MetaTagAll"></</span><span class="MetaTagAll">text</span><span class="MetaTagAll">></span></span>
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<span class="Comment"><span class="Comment"><!--</span> ROOT ELEMENT <span class="Comment">--></span></span>
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<span class="MetaTagAll"><span class="MetaTagAll"><</span><span class="MetaTagAll">use</span> <span class="MetaTagAll">transform</span>=<span class="String"><span class="String">"</span>YGENTRANSFORM<span class="String">"</span></span> <span class="MetaTagAll">xlink</span><span class="MetaTagAll"><span class="MetaTagAll">:</span></span><span class="MetaTagAll">href</span>=<span class="String"><span class="String">"</span>#level_0<span class="String">"</span></span> <span class="MetaTagAll">/></span></span>
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YTRANSCOMPLETE(1,0) <span class="Comment"><span class="Comment"><!--</span> First recursion <span class="Comment">--></span></span>
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YTRANSCOMPLETE(2,1) <span class="Comment"><span class="Comment"><!--</span> deeper <span class="Comment">--></span></span>
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YTRANSCOMPLETE(3,2) <span class="Comment"><span class="Comment"><!--</span> deeper <span class="Comment">--></span></span>
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YTRANSCOMPLETE(4,3) <span class="Comment"><span class="Comment"><!--</span> even deeper <span class="Comment">--></span></span>
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YTRANSCOMPLETE(5,4) <span class="Comment"><span class="Comment"><!--</span> Five level seems enough <span class="Comment">--></span></span>
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<span class="MetaTagAll"><span class="MetaTagAll"></</span><span class="MetaTagAll">svg</span><span class="MetaTagAll">></span></span>
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</pre>
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</div></div>
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<p>and I compiled it to <span class="sc">svg</span> and then to <span class="sc">png</span> with:</p>
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|
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<pre class="twilight">
|
||
m4 yesodlogo.m4 <span class="Keyword">></span> yesodlogo.svg <span class="Keyword">&&</span> convert yesodlogo.svg yesodlogo.png
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</pre>
|
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<p>The main λ is duplicated 3 times. Each transformation is named by: <code>YTRANSFORMONE</code>, <code>YTRANSFORMTWO</code> and <code>YTRANSFORMTHREE</code>.</p>
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<p>Each transformation is just a similarity (translate + rotation + scale).</p>
|
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|
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<p>Once fixed, we should now simply copy and repeat for each new level.</p>
|
||
|
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<p>Now it is time to talk about where the magic occurs: <code>YTRANSCOMPLETE</code>.
|
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This macro takes two arguments.
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The current depth and the preceding one.
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It duplicates using the three transformations the preceding level.</p>
|
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|
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<ul>
|
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<li>At level 0 there is only one λ,</li>
|
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<li>at level 1 there is 3 λ,</li>
|
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<li>at level 2 there is 9 λ</li>
|
||
<li>etc… </li>
|
||
</ul>
|
||
|
||
<p>At the final 5<sup>th</sup> level there is 3<sup>5</sup>=243 λ.
|
||
All level combined have 3<sup>6</sup>-1 / 2 = 364 λ.</p>
|
||
|
||
<p>I could preview the final result easily.
|
||
Without the macro system, I would have to make 5 copy/paste + modifications for each try.</p>
|
||
|
||
<h2 id="conclusion">Conclusion</h2>
|
||
|
||
<p>It was fun to make a fractal in <span class="sc">svg</span>, but the interesting part is how to augment the power of a language using this preprocessor method.
|
||
I used the <span class="sc">xslt</span> trick at work for example.
|
||
I also used it to make include inside obscure format.
|
||
If all you want is to generate a minimal static website withou using nanoc, jekyll or hakyll (ther are plenty other alternatives). You can consider using m4 to generate your <span class="sc">html</span> instead of copy/paste the menu and the footer, or using AJAX.</p>
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<p>Another usage I thouhgt about is to use m4
|
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to organize languages such as brainfuck.</p>
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