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502 lines
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23 KiB
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<?xml version="1.0" encoding="utf-8"?>
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<!DOCTYPE html PUBLIC "-//W3C//DTD XHTML 1.0 Strict//EN"
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"http://www.w3.org/TR/xhtml1/DTD/xhtml1-strict.dtd">
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<html xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml" lang="fr" xml:lang="fr">
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<head>
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<meta http-equiv="Content-Type" content="text/html; charset=UTF-8" />
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<meta name="keywords" content="wav, C, format, programming">
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<link rel="shortcut icon" type="image/x-icon" href="/Scratch/img/favicon.ico" />
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<link rel="stylesheet" type="text/css" href="/Scratch/assets/css/main.css" />
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<link rel="alternate" type="application/rss+xml" title="RSS" href="http://feeds.feedburner.com/yannespositocomfr"/>
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<link rel="alternate" lang="fr" xml:lang="fr" title="S'amuser avec un .wav" type="text/html" hreflang="fr" href="/Scratch/fr/blog/2010-10-14-Fun-with-wav/" />
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<link rel="alternate" lang="en" xml:lang="en" title="Fun with wav" type="text/html" hreflang="en" href="/Scratch/en/blog/2010-10-14-Fun-with-wav/" />
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<script type="text/javascript" src="/Scratch/js/jquery-1.3.1.min.js"></script>
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<!--[if lt IE 9]>
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<script src="http://ie7-js.googlecode.com/svn/version/2.1(beta4)/IE9.js"></script>
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<![endif]-->
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<title>S'amuser avec un .wav</title>
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</head>
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<body lang="fr" class="article">
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<script type="text/javascript">// <![CDATA[
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document.write('<div id="blackpage"><img src="/Scratch/img/loading.gif" alt="Chargement en cours..."/></div>');
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// ]]>
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</script>
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<div id="choix">
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<div class="return"><a href="#entete">↓ Menu ↓</a></div>
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<a href="/Scratch/en/blog/2010-10-14-Fun-with-wav/" onclick="setLanguage('en')">in English</a>
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<div class="flush"></div>
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</div>
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<div id="titre">
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<h1>
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S'amuser avec un .wav
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</h1>
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</div>
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<div class="flush"></div>
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<div class="flush"></div>
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<div id="afterheader">
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<div class="corps">
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<div class="intro">
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<p><span class="sc"><abbr title="Trop long à lire">tlàl</abbr> : </span> Je me suis amusé à lire un fichier <code>wav</code>. Le <code>C</code> fut le langage le mieux adapté à ce traitement. Bien meilleur que Ruby par exemple.</p>
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<p>edit: Je voulais que ce programme fonctionne sur une machine spécifique. En aucun cas je ne pensais publier ce code pour une utilisation autre que celle-ci.</p>
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</div>
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<p>J’ai eu besoin de calculer la somme des valeurs absolue des données d’un fichier <code>wav</code>.
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Pour des raison d’efficacité (et aussi de fun), j’ai fait le programme en <code>C</code>.</p>
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<p>Celà faisait longtemps que je n’avais pas programmé en <code>C</code>.
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De mémoire il était peu aisé de manipuler des fichiers.
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Mais je dois concéder que j’ai été étonné de la clarté du code que j’ai obtenu.</p>
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<p>Tout d’abord, un fichier <code>wav</code> se compose d’un entête qui contient pas mal de meta données.
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Cet entête a été optimisé pour prendre peu de place.
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Donc on discute de l’entête avec des nombres d’octets :</p>
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<ul>
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<li>Les 4 premiers octets doivent contenir <code>RIFF</code> en ASCII ;</li>
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<li>les 4 octects suivant correspondent à un entier codé sur 32 bits qui donne la taille du fichier moins 8 octets. etc..</li>
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</ul>
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<p>Etonnamment je pense que lire ce type de fichier avec un langage de haut niveau aurait été plus pénible qu’en C.
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La preuve, il m’a suffit de chercher sur le net le format complet de l’entête et de l’écrire dans un struct.</p>
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<pre class="twilight">
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struct wavfile
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{
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char <span class="Storage">id</span>[4]; // should always contain "RIFF"
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int totallength; // total file length minus 8
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char wavefmt[8]; // should be "WAVEfmt "
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int format; // 16 for PCM format
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short pcm; // 1 for PCM format
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short channels; // channels
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int frequency; // sampling frequency
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int bytes_per_second;
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short bytes_by_capture;
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short bits_per_sample;
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char data[4]; // should always contain "data"
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int bytes_in_data;
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};
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</pre>
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<p>Si j’avais eu à faire ça en Ruby, je pense qu’il m’aurait fallu pour chaque bloc de l’entête écrire un bout de code de lecture du bon nombre d’octets.
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Alors qu’en <code>C</code> il m’a suffit d’écrire: </p>
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<pre class="twilight">
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fread(&header,sizeof(header),1,wav)
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</pre>
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<p>Et en une seule étape ma structure de donnée a été remplie avec les valeurs souhaitées. Magique !</p>
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<p>Ensuite, récupérer un entier à partir de deux octets n’est pas non plus une opération naturelle dans les nouveaux langages de programmation.
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Alors qu’en <code>C</code>. Pour récupérer un entier codé sur 16 bits il suffit d’écrire :</p>
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<pre class="twilight">
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short value=0;
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while( fread(&value,sizeof(value),1,wav) ) {
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// do something with value
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}
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</pre>
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<p>Finallement je suis arrivé au code suivant, sachant que le format de wav était connu, avec notamment échantillonage sur 16 bits en 48000Hz :</p>
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<div class="code"><div class="file"><a href="/Scratch/fr/blog/2010-10-14-Fun-with-wav/code/wavsum.c"> ➥ wavsum.c </a></div><div class="withfile">
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<pre class="twilight">
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#include <stdio.h>
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#include <stdlib.h>
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#include <stdint.h>
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struct wavfile
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{
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char <span class="Storage">id</span>[4]; // should always contain "RIFF"
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int totallength; // total file length minus 8
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char wavefmt[8]; // should be "WAVEfmt "
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int format; // 16 for PCM format
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short pcm; // 1 for PCM format
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short channels; // channels
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int frequency; // sampling frequency
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int bytes_per_second;
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short bytes_by_capture;
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short bits_per_sample;
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char data[4]; // should always contain "data"
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int bytes_in_data;
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};
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int main(int argc, char *argv[]) {
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char *filename=argv[1];
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FILE *wav = fopen(filename,"rb");
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struct wavfile header;
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if ( wav == NULL ) {
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fprintf(stderr,"Can't open input file %s", filename);
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exit(1);
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}
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// read header
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if ( fread(&header,sizeof(header),1,wav) < 1 )
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{
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fprintf(stderr,"Can't read file header\n");
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exit(1);
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}
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if ( header.<span class="Storage">id</span>[0] != 'R'
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|| header.<span class="Storage">id</span>[1] != 'I'
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|| header.<span class="Storage">id</span>[2] != 'F'
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|| header.<span class="Storage">id</span>[3] != 'F' ) {
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fprintf(stderr,"ERROR: Not wav format\n");
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exit(1);
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}
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fprintf(stderr,"wav format\n");
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// read data
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long sum=0;
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short value=0;
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while( fread(&value,sizeof(value),1,wav) ) {
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// fprintf(stderr,"%d\n", value);
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if (value<0) { value=-value; }
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sum += value;
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}
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printf("%ld\n",sum);
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exit(0);
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}
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</pre>
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</div></div>
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<p>Bien entendu ce code n’est qu’un <em>hack</em>.
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Mais on voit bien comment on peut facilement améliorer ce code, ajouter des cas possibles par exemple.
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Comme je dis souvent : le bon outil pour la bonne tâche.
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On voit en effet que pour cette tâche <code>C</code> est bien supérieur à Ruby par exemple.</p>
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<p>_màj : pour des raisons de compatibilité (machines 64 bits) j’ai utilisé <code>int16_t</code> au lieu de <code>short</code> et <code>int</code> au lieu de <code>int</code>.</p>
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<p>Je serai curieux de savoir s’il existe un manière plus propre en Ruby que je ne connais pas.
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Certainement qu’en Python ça doit être la cas.</p>
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<div class="intro">
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<p>Màj (2) : après toutes les remarques concernant la portabilité.
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J’ai fait une nouvelle version qui devrait être plus portable.
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Elle fait aussi plus de test pour vérifier le fichier.
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Cependant j’utilise une assertion spécifique à <code>gcc</code> pour être certain que la structure de donnée n’ai pas de “trou” :</p>
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<pre class="twilight">
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__attribute__((__packed__))
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</pre>
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<p>Le nouveau code n’utilise pas mmap et devrait être plus compatible.<br />
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Voici le dernier résultat :</p>
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</div>
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<div class="code"><div class="file"><a href="/Scratch/fr/blog/2010-10-14-Fun-with-wav/code/wavsum2.c"> ➥ wavsum2.c </a></div><div class="withfile">
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<pre class="twilight">
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#include <stdio.h>
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#include <stdlib.h>
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#include <string.h> // for memcmp
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#include <stdint.h> // for int16_t and int32_t
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struct wavfile
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{
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char <span class="Storage">id</span>[4]; // should always contain "RIFF"
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int32_t totallength; // total file length minus 8
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char wavefmt[8]; // should be "WAVEfmt "
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int32_t format; // 16 for PCM format
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int16_t pcm; // 1 for PCM format
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int16_t channels; // channels
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int32_t frequency; // sampling frequency
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int32_t bytes_per_second;
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int16_t bytes_by_capture;
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int16_t bits_per_sample;
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char data[4]; // should always contain "data"
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int32_t bytes_in_data;
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} __attribute__((__packed__));
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int is_big_endian(void) {
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union {
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uint32_t i;
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char c[4];
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} bint = {0x01000000};
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return bint.c[0]==1;
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}
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int main(int argc, char *argv[]) {
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char *filename=argv[1];
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FILE *wav = fopen(filename,"rb");
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struct wavfile header;
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if ( wav == NULL ) {
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fprintf(stderr,"Can't open input file %s\n", filename);
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exit(1);
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}
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// read header
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if ( fread(&header,sizeof(header),1,wav) < 1 ) {
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fprintf(stderr,"Can't read input file header %s\n", filename);
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exit(1);
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}
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// if wav file isn't the same endianness than the current environment
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// we quit
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if ( is_big_endian() ) {
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if ( memcmp( header.<span class="Storage">id</span>,"RIFX", 4) != 0 ) {
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fprintf(stderr,"ERROR: %s is not a big endian wav file\n", filename);
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exit(1);
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}
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} else {
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if ( memcmp( header.<span class="Storage">id</span>,"RIFF", 4) != 0 ) {
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fprintf(stderr,"ERROR: %s is not a little endian wav file\n", filename);
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exit(1);
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}
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}
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if ( memcmp( header.wavefmt, "WAVEfmt ", 8) != 0
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|| memcmp( header.data, "data", 4) != 0
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) {
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fprintf(stderr,"ERROR: Not wav format\n");
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exit(1);
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}
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if (header.format != 16) {
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fprintf(stderr,"\nERROR: not 16 bit wav format.");
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exit(1);
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}
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fprintf(stderr,"format: %d bits", header.format);
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if (header.format == 16) {
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fprintf(stderr,", PCM");
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} else {
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fprintf(stderr,", not PCM (%d)", header.format);
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}
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if (header.pcm == 1) {
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fprintf(stderr, " uncompressed" );
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} else {
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fprintf(stderr, " compressed" );
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}
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fprintf(stderr,", channel %d", header.pcm);
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fprintf(stderr,", freq %d", header.frequency );
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fprintf(stderr,", %d bytes per sec", header.bytes_per_second );
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fprintf(stderr,", %d bytes by capture", header.bytes_by_capture );
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fprintf(stderr,", %d bits per sample", header.bytes_by_capture );
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fprintf(stderr,"\n" );
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if ( memcmp( header.data, "data", 4) != 0 ) {
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fprintf(stderr,"ERROR: Prrroblem?\n");
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exit(1);
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}
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fprintf(stderr,"wav format\n");
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// read data
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long long sum=0;
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int16_t value;
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int i=0;
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fprintf(stderr,"---\n", value);
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while( fread(&value,sizeof(value),1,wav) ) {
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if (value<0) { value=-value; }
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sum += value;
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}
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printf("%lld\n",sum);
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exit(0);
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}
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</pre>
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</div></div>
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<p>Màj(3) :
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Sur <a href="http://reddit.com">reddit</a>
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<a href="http://www.reddit.com/user/Bogdanp">Bogdanp</a>
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a proposé une version en Python :</p>
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<div class="code"><div class="file"><a href="/Scratch/fr/blog/2010-10-14-Fun-with-wav/code/wavsum.py"> ➥ wavsum.py </a></div><div class="withfile">
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<pre class="twilight">
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<span class="Comment"><span class="Comment">#</span>!/usr/bin/env python</span>
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<span class="Keyword">from</span> struct <span class="Keyword">import</span> calcsize, unpack
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<span class="Keyword">from</span> sys <span class="Keyword">import</span> argv, exit
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<span class="Storage">def</span> <span class="Entity">word_iter</span>(<span class="Variable">f</span>):
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<span class="Keyword">while</span> <span class="Constant">True</span>:
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_bytes <span class="Keyword">=</span> f.read(<span class="Constant">2</span>)
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<span class="Keyword">if</span> <span class="SupportFunction">len</span>(_bytes) <span class="Keyword">!=</span> <span class="Constant">2</span>:
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<span class="Keyword">raise</span> <span class="Support">StopIteration</span>
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<span class="Keyword">yield</span> unpack(<span class="String"><span class="String">"</span>=h<span class="String">"</span></span>, _bytes)[<span class="Constant">0</span>]
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<span class="Keyword">try</span>:
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<span class="Keyword">with</span> <span class="Support">open</span>(argv[<span class="Constant">1</span>], <span class="String"><span class="String">"</span>rb<span class="String">"</span></span>) <span class="Keyword">as</span> f:
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wav <span class="Keyword">=</span> <span class="String"><span class="String">"</span>=4ci8cihhiihh4ci<span class="String">"</span></span>
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wav_size <span class="Keyword">=</span> calcsize(wav)
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metadata <span class="Keyword">=</span> unpack(wav, f.read(wav_size))
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<span class="Keyword">if</span> <span class="String"><span class="String">"</span><span class="String"><span class="String">"</span></span></span>.join(metadata[:<span class="Constant">4</span>]) <span class="Keyword">!=</span> <span class="String"><span class="String">"</span>RIFF<span class="String">"</span></span>:
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<span class="Keyword">print</span> <span class="String"><span class="String">"</span>error: not wav file.<span class="String">"</span></span>
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exit(<span class="Constant">1</span>)
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<span class="Keyword">print</span> <span class="SupportFunction">sum</span>(<span class="SupportFunction">abs</span>(word) <span class="Keyword">for</span> word <span class="Keyword">in</span> word_iter(f))
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<span class="Keyword">except</span> <span class="Support">IOError</span>:
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<span class="Keyword">print</span> <span class="String"><span class="String">"</span>error: can't open input file '<span class="StringConstant">%s</span>'.<span class="String">"</span></span> <span class="Keyword">%</span> argv[<span class="Constant">1</span>]
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exit(<span class="Constant">1</span>)
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</pre>
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</div></div>
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<p>et <a href="http://www.reddit.com/user/luikore">luikore</a> a proposé une version Ruby assez impressionnante :</p>
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<div class="code"><div class="file"><a href="/Scratch/fr/blog/2010-10-14-Fun-with-wav/code/wavsum.rb"> ➥ wavsum.rb </a></div><div class="withfile">
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<pre class="twilight">
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data <span class="Keyword">=</span> <span class="Variable">ARGF</span>.<span class="Entity">read</span>
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keys <span class="Keyword">=</span> <span class="String"><span class="String">%w[</span>id totallength wavefmt format</span>
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<span class="String"> pcm channels frequency bytes_per_second</span>
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<span class="String"> bytes_by_capture bits_per_sample</span>
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<span class="String"> data bytes_in_data sum</span>
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<span class="String"> <span class="String">]</span></span>
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values <span class="Keyword">=</span> data.<span class="Entity">unpack</span> <span class="String"><span class="String">'</span>Z4 i Z8 i s s i i s s Z4 i s*<span class="String">'</span></span>
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sum <span class="Keyword">=</span> values.<span class="Entity">drop</span>(<span class="Constant">12</span>).<span class="Entity">map</span>(<span class="Keyword">&</span><span class="Constant"><span class="Constant">:</span>abs</span>).<span class="Entity">inject</span>(<span class="Constant"><span class="Constant">:</span>+</span>)
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keys.<span class="Entity">zip</span>(values.<span class="Entity">take</span>(<span class="Constant">12</span>) <span class="Keyword"><<</span> sum) {|<span class="Variable">k</span>, <span class="Variable">v</span>|
|
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puts <span class="String"><span class="String">"</span><span class="StringEmbeddedSource"><span class="StringEmbeddedSource">#{</span>k<span class="StringEmbeddedSource"><span class="StringEmbeddedSource">.</span><span class="Entity">ljust</span></span> <span class="StringConstant">17</span><span class="StringEmbeddedSource">}</span></span>: <span class="StringEmbeddedSource"><span class="StringEmbeddedSource">#{</span>v<span class="StringEmbeddedSource">}</span></span><span class="String">"</span></span>
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}
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</pre>
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</div></div>
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</div>
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<div id="choixrss">
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