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< a href = "/Scratch/en/blog/2010-05-24-Trees--Pragmatism-and-Formalism/" onclick = "setLanguage('en')" > in English< / a >
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< h1 >
Arbres ; Pragmatisme et Formalisme
< / h1 >
< h2 >
Quand la théorie est plus pratique que la pratique
< / h2 >
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< div class = "flush" > < / div >
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< div id = "afterheader" >
< div class = "corps" >
< div class = "intro" >
< p > < abbr title = "Trop Long À Lire" > < span class = "sc" > tlàl< / span > < / abbr > :< / p >
< ul >
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< li > J’ ai essayé de programmer un simple filtre ;< / li >
< li > J’ ai été bloqué pendant deux jours ;< / li >
< li > J’ ai arrêté de penser comme un robot ;< / li >
< li > J’ ai utilisé un papier et un stylo ;< / li >
< li > J’ ai fait un peu de maths ;< / li >
< li > J’ ai résolu le problème en 10 minutes ;< / li >
< li > Conclusion: Pragmatisme n’ est pas : «n’ utilisez jamais la théorie».
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< / div >
< / ul >
< h2 id = "rsum-plus-long-que-le--abbr-titletrop-long--liresctllscabbr" > Résumé (plus long que le < abbr title = "Trop Long À Lire" > < span class = "sc" > tlàl< / span > < / abbr > )< / h2 >
< p > Je devais résoudre un problème à mon travail. Au début cela
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semblait assez facile. J’ ai donc commencé à programmer
tout de suite. Je suis alors entré dans un cercle infernal d’ essais
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et de réparations. Voilà à quoi ressemblait cet étrange état
de boucle infini :< / p >
< blockquote >
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< p > – Plus que ça a réparer et ça devrait être bon.< br / >
– Très bien, maintenant ça doit marcher.< br / >
– Oui !!< br / >
– Ah mince! J’ ai oublié ce détail…< br / >
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< code > répéter jusqu'à la mort< / code > < / p >
< / blockquote >
< p > Après deux jours à me prendre pour < a href = "http://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sisyphe" > Sisyphe< / a > , je me suis arrêté pour repenser le problème.
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J’ ai pris un stylo et une feuille de papier. Je me suis souvenu de de ce que j’ avais appris sur les arbres pendant mon doctorat.
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Finalement, le problème fut résolu en moins de 20 minutes.< / p >
< p > Je pense que la leçon à retenir de cette expérience est de se souvenir que la méthodologie la plus efficace pour résoudre ce problème < em > pragamtique< / em > était la méthode < em > théorique< / em > .
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Ça ne signifie pas que la méthode théorique est toujours la meilleure, mais en tout cas, il ne faut pas l’ écarter.< / p >
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< / div >
< div class = "corps" >
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< h1 class = "first" id = "lanecdote" > L’ anecdote< / h1 >
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< p > Apparemment 90% des programmeurs sont incapable de programmer une recherche binaire sans faire de bug.
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L’ algorithme est pourtant connu et facile à comprendre.
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Cependant, il est difficile à programmer sans bug.
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J’ ai participé à < a href = "http://reprog.wordpress.com/2010/04/19/are-you-one-of-the-10-percent/" > ce concours< / a > .
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Vous pouvez voir les < a href = "http://reprog.wordpress.com/2010/04/21/binary-search-redux-part-1/" > résultats ici< / a > < sup id = "fnref:1" > < a href = "#fn:1" rel = "footnote" > 1< / a > < / sup > .
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J’ ai dû faire face à un problème similaire à mon travail.
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Il paraissait simple au départ.
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Transformer un < span class = "sc" > xml< / span > d’ un format à un autre.< / p >
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< p > Voici le format général du < span class = "sc" > xml< / span > source :< / p >
< pre class = "twilight" >
< span class = "MetaTagAll" > < span class = "MetaTagAll" > < < / span > < span class = "MetaTagAll" > rubrique< / span > < span class = "MetaTagAll" > > < / span > < / span >
< span class = "MetaTagAll" > < span class = "MetaTagAll" > < < / span > < span class = "MetaTagAll" > contenu< / span > < span class = "MetaTagAll" > > < / span > < / span >
< span class = "MetaTagAll" > < span class = "MetaTagAll" > < < / span > < span class = "MetaTagAll" > tag1< / span > < span class = "MetaTagAll" > > < / span > < / span > value1< span class = "MetaTagAll" > < span class = "MetaTagAll" > < /< / span > < span class = "MetaTagAll" > tag1< / span > < span class = "MetaTagAll" > > < / span > < / span >
< span class = "MetaTagAll" > < span class = "MetaTagAll" > < < / span > < span class = "MetaTagAll" > tag2< / span > < span class = "MetaTagAll" > > < / span > < / span > value2< span class = "MetaTagAll" > < span class = "MetaTagAll" > < /< / span > < span class = "MetaTagAll" > tag2< / span > < span class = "MetaTagAll" > > < / span > < / span >
...
< span class = "MetaTagAll" > < span class = "MetaTagAll" > < /< / span > < span class = "MetaTagAll" > contenu< / span > < span class = "MetaTagAll" > > < / span > < / span >
< span class = "MetaTagAll" > < span class = "MetaTagAll" > < < / span > < span class = "MetaTagAll" > enfant< / span > < span class = "MetaTagAll" > > < / span > < / span >
< span class = "MetaTagAll" > < span class = "MetaTagAll" > < < / span > < span class = "MetaTagAll" > rubrique< / span > < span class = "MetaTagAll" > > < / span > < / span >
...
< span class = "MetaTagAll" > < span class = "MetaTagAll" > < /< / span > < span class = "MetaTagAll" > rubrique< / span > < span class = "MetaTagAll" > > < / span > < / span >
...
< span class = "MetaTagAll" > < span class = "MetaTagAll" > < < / span > < span class = "MetaTagAll" > rubrique< / span > < span class = "MetaTagAll" > > < / span > < / span >
...
< span class = "MetaTagAll" > < span class = "MetaTagAll" > < /< / span > < span class = "MetaTagAll" > rubrique< / span > < span class = "MetaTagAll" > > < / span > < / span >
< span class = "MetaTagAll" > < span class = "MetaTagAll" > < /< / span > < span class = "MetaTagAll" > enfant< / span > < span class = "MetaTagAll" > > < / span > < / span >
< span class = "MetaTagAll" > < span class = "MetaTagAll" > < /< / span > < span class = "MetaTagAll" > menu< / span > < span class = "MetaTagAll" > > < / span > < / span >
< / pre >
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< p > et le format d’ arrivé est celui-ci :< / p >
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< pre class = "twilight" >
< span class = "MetaTagAll" > < span class = "MetaTagAll" > < < / span > < span class = "MetaTagAll" > item< / span > < span class = "MetaTagAll" > name< / span > =< span class = "String" > < span class = "String" > " < / span > Menu0< span class = "String" > " < / span > < / span > < span class = "MetaTagAll" > > < / span > < / span >
< span class = "MetaTagAll" > < span class = "MetaTagAll" > < < / span > < span class = "MetaTagAll" > value< / span > < span class = "MetaTagAll" > > < / span > < / span >
< span class = "MetaTagAll" > < span class = "MetaTagAll" > < < / span > < span class = "MetaTagAll" > item< / span > < span class = "MetaTagAll" > name< / span > =< span class = "String" > < span class = "String" > " < / span > menu< span class = "String" > " < / span > < / span > < span class = "MetaTagAll" > > < / span > < / span >
< span class = "MetaTagAll" > < span class = "MetaTagAll" > < < / span > < span class = "MetaTagAll" > value< / span > < span class = "MetaTagAll" > > < / span > < / span >
< span class = "MetaTagAll" > < span class = "MetaTagAll" > < < / span > < span class = "MetaTagAll" > item< / span > < span class = "MetaTagAll" > name< / span > =< span class = "String" > < span class = "String" > " < / span > tag1< span class = "String" > " < / span > < / span > < span class = "MetaTagAll" > > < / span > < / span >
< span class = "MetaTagAll" > < span class = "MetaTagAll" > < < / span > < span class = "MetaTagAll" > value< / span > < span class = "MetaTagAll" > > < / span > < / span > value1< span class = "MetaTagAll" > < span class = "MetaTagAll" > < /< / span > < span class = "MetaTagAll" > value< / span > < span class = "MetaTagAll" > > < / span > < / span >
< span class = "MetaTagAll" > < span class = "MetaTagAll" > < /< / span > < span class = "MetaTagAll" > item< / span > < span class = "MetaTagAll" > > < / span > < / span >
< span class = "MetaTagAll" > < span class = "MetaTagAll" > < < / span > < span class = "MetaTagAll" > item< / span > < span class = "MetaTagAll" > name< / span > =< span class = "String" > < span class = "String" > " < / span > tag2< span class = "String" > " < / span > < / span > < span class = "MetaTagAll" > > < / span > < / span >
< span class = "MetaTagAll" > < span class = "MetaTagAll" > < < / span > < span class = "MetaTagAll" > value< / span > < span class = "MetaTagAll" > > < / span > < / span > value2< span class = "MetaTagAll" > < span class = "MetaTagAll" > < /< / span > < span class = "MetaTagAll" > value< / span > < span class = "MetaTagAll" > > < / span > < / span >
< span class = "MetaTagAll" > < span class = "MetaTagAll" > < /< / span > < span class = "MetaTagAll" > item< / span > < span class = "MetaTagAll" > > < / span > < / span >
...
< span class = "MetaTagAll" > < span class = "MetaTagAll" > < < / span > < span class = "MetaTagAll" > item< / span > < span class = "MetaTagAll" > name< / span > =< span class = "String" > < span class = "String" > " < / span > menu< span class = "String" > " < / span > < / span > < span class = "MetaTagAll" > > < / span > < / span >
< span class = "MetaTagAll" > < span class = "MetaTagAll" > < < / span > < span class = "MetaTagAll" > value< / span > < span class = "MetaTagAll" > > < / span > < / span >
...
< span class = "MetaTagAll" > < span class = "MetaTagAll" > < /< / span > < span class = "MetaTagAll" > value< / span > < span class = "MetaTagAll" > > < / span > < / span >
< span class = "MetaTagAll" > < span class = "MetaTagAll" > < < / span > < span class = "MetaTagAll" > value< / span > < span class = "MetaTagAll" > > < / span > < / span >
...
< span class = "MetaTagAll" > < span class = "MetaTagAll" > < /< / span > < span class = "MetaTagAll" > value< / span > < span class = "MetaTagAll" > > < / span > < / span >
< span class = "MetaTagAll" > < span class = "MetaTagAll" > < /< / span > < span class = "MetaTagAll" > item< / span > < span class = "MetaTagAll" > > < / span > < / span >
< span class = "MetaTagAll" > < span class = "MetaTagAll" > < /< / span > < span class = "MetaTagAll" > value< / span > < span class = "MetaTagAll" > > < / span > < / span >
< span class = "MetaTagAll" > < span class = "MetaTagAll" > < /< / span > < span class = "MetaTagAll" > item< / span > < span class = "MetaTagAll" > > < / span > < / span >
< span class = "MetaTagAll" > < span class = "MetaTagAll" > < /< / span > < span class = "MetaTagAll" > value< / span > < span class = "MetaTagAll" > > < / span > < / span >
< span class = "MetaTagAll" > < span class = "MetaTagAll" > < /< / span > < span class = "MetaTagAll" > item< / span > < span class = "MetaTagAll" > > < / span > < / span >
< / pre >
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< p > À première vue, cela m’ a paru simple. J’ étais certain de pouvoir y arriver en me fixant les règles suivantes :< / p >
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< ol >
< li > ne pas utiliser < span class = "sc" > xslt< / span > ;< / li >
< li > ne pas utiliser de parseur < span class = "sc" > xml< / span > ;< / li >
< li > résoudre le problème en utilisant un simple script perl< / li >
< / ol >
< p > Vous pouvez essayer si vous le souhaitez. Si vous attaquez ce problème directement en écrivant le programme, ce ne sera certainement pas si simple.
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Je peux le dire, parce que c’ est ce que j’ ai fait.
Et je dois dire que j’ ai perdu une journée de travail complète en m’ y prenant de la sorte.
En réalité, il y avait pas mal de petits détails dont je ne parle pas qui m’ ont induis en erreur et qui m’ ont fait perdre encore plus de temps.< / p >
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< p > Pourquoi étais-je incapable de résoudre ce problème si simple en aparence ?< / p >
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< p > Voici comment je m’ y suis pris :< / p >
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< ol >
< li > Réfléchir< / li >
< li > Écrire le programme< / li >
< li > Essayer le programme< / li >
< li > Vérifier les résultats< / li >
< li > Trouver un bug< / li >
< li > Résoudre le bug< / li >
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< li > Reprendre à l’ étape 3< / li >
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< / ol >
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< p > Il s’ agissait d’ une méthode de travail standard pour un ingénieur en informatique. L’ erreur venait de la première étape.
J’ ai d’ abord pensé à comment résoudre le problème mais avec des yeux d’ < em > ingéinieur pragmatique< / em > . Je me suis simplement dit :< / p >
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< blockquote >
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< p > Ça à l’ air de pouvoir se résouvre avec un petit script de < em > search& replace< / em > en perl
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Commençons à écrire le code maintenant.< / p >
< / blockquote >
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< p > C’ est la deuxième phrase qui est complètement fausse. Parce que j’ avais mal commencé et que cette méthodologie de travail ne fonctionne pas lorsque l’ on part vraiment mal.< / p >
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< h2 id = "rflchir" > Réfléchir< / h2 >
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< p > Après un certain temps, j’ ai arrêté de programmer et je me suis dit : «Maintenant, ça suffit !».
J’ ai pris une feuille et un stylo et j’ ai commencé à dessiner des arbres.< / p >
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< p > J’ ai commencer par simplifier un peu en enlevant le maximum de verbiage.
Tout d’ abord en renommant < code > < item name="Menu"> < / code > par un simple < code > M< / code > par exemple.
J’ ai obtenu quelque chose comme :< / p >
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< p > < img alt = "The source tree" src = "/Scratch/fr/blog/2010-05-24-Trees--Pragmatism-and-Formalism/graph/The_source_tree.png" / > < / p >
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< p > et< / p >
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< p > < img alt = "The destination tree" src = "/Scratch/fr/blog/2010-05-24-Trees--Pragmatism-and-Formalism/graph/The_destination_tree.png" / > < / p >
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< p > Puis, je me suis fait la réflexion suivante :< / p >
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< p > Dans les distances d’ éditions sur les arbres, chaque opération atomique correspond à un simple < em > search and replace< / em > sur mon fichier < span class = "sc" > xml< / span > source< sup id = "fnref:nb" > < a href = "#fn:nb" rel = "footnote" > 2< / a > < / sup > .
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On considère trois opérations atomiques sur les arbres :< / p >
< ul >
< li > < em > substitution< / em > : renommer un nœud< / li >
< li > < em > insertion< / em > : ajouter un nœud< / li >
< li > < em > délétion< / em > : supprimer un nœud< / li >
< / ul >
< p > Une des particularité avec les transformations sur les arbres est celle-ci :
supprimer un nœud et tous ses enfants deviendront les enfants du père de ce nœud.< / p >
< p > Un exemple:< / p >
< pre class = "twilight" >
r - x - a
\ \
\ b
y - c
< / pre >
< p > Si vous supprimez le nœud < code > x< / code > , vous obtenez< / p >
< pre class = "twilight" >
a
/
r - b
\
y - c
< / pre >
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< p > Et regardez ce que ça implique quand on l’ écrit en < span class = "sc" > xml< / span > :< / p >
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< pre class = "twilight" >
< span class = "MetaTagAll" > < span class = "MetaTagAll" > < < / span > < span class = "MetaTagAll" > r< / span > < span class = "MetaTagAll" > > < / span > < / span >
< span class = "MetaTagAll" > < span class = "MetaTagAll" > < < / span > < span class = "MetaTagAll" > x< / span > < span class = "MetaTagAll" > > < / span > < / span >
< span class = "MetaTagAll" > < span class = "MetaTagAll" > < < / span > < span class = "MetaTagAll" > a< / span > < span class = "MetaTagAll" > > < / span > < / span > value for a< span class = "MetaTagAll" > < span class = "MetaTagAll" > < /< / span > < span class = "MetaTagAll" > a< / span > < span class = "MetaTagAll" > > < / span > < / span >
< span class = "MetaTagAll" > < span class = "MetaTagAll" > < < / span > < span class = "MetaTagAll" > b< / span > < span class = "MetaTagAll" > > < / span > < / span > value for b< span class = "MetaTagAll" > < span class = "MetaTagAll" > < /< / span > < span class = "MetaTagAll" > b< / span > < span class = "MetaTagAll" > > < / span > < / span >
< span class = "MetaTagAll" > < span class = "MetaTagAll" > < /< / span > < span class = "MetaTagAll" > x< / span > < span class = "MetaTagAll" > > < / span > < / span >
< span class = "MetaTagAll" > < span class = "MetaTagAll" > < < / span > < span class = "MetaTagAll" > y< / span > < span class = "MetaTagAll" > > < / span > < / span >
< span class = "MetaTagAll" > < span class = "MetaTagAll" > < < / span > < span class = "MetaTagAll" > c< / span > < span class = "MetaTagAll" > > < / span > < / span > value for c< span class = "MetaTagAll" > < span class = "MetaTagAll" > < /< / span > < span class = "MetaTagAll" > c< / span > < span class = "MetaTagAll" > > < / span > < / span >
< span class = "MetaTagAll" > < span class = "MetaTagAll" > < /< / span > < span class = "MetaTagAll" > y< / span > < span class = "MetaTagAll" > > < / span > < / span >
< span class = "MetaTagAll" > < span class = "MetaTagAll" > < /< / span > < span class = "MetaTagAll" > r< / span > < span class = "MetaTagAll" > > < / span > < / span >
< / pre >
< p > Alors supprimer tous les nœuds < code > x< / code > revient à faire passer le < span class = "sc" > xml< / span > à travers le filtre suivant :< / p >
< pre class = "twilight" >
< span class = "StringRegexp" > < span class = "StringRegexp" > < span class = "SupportFunction" > s< / span > /< / span > < < span class = "StringRegexpSpecial" > \/< / span > ?x> < / span > < span class = "StringRegexp" > < span class = "StringRegexp" > /< / span > < span class = "StringRegexp" > /< / span > < / span > < span class = "StringRegexp" > < span class = "StringRegexp" > < span class = "Keyword" > g< / span > < / span > < / span >
< / pre >
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< p > Par conséquent, s’ il existe un transducteur déterministe à un état qui permet de transformer mes arbres ;
je suis capable de transformer le < span class = "sc" > xml< / span > d’ un format à l’ autre en utilisant une simple liste de < em > search and replace< / em > .< / p >
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< h1 id = "solution" > Solution< / h1 >
< p > Transformer cet arbre :< / p >
< pre class = "twilight" >
R - C - tag1
\ \
\ tag2
E -- R - C - tag1
\ \ \
\ \ tag2
\ E ...
R - C - tag1
\ \
\ tag2
E ...
< / pre >
< p > en celui-ci :< / p >
< pre class = "twilight" >
tag1
/
M - V - M - V - tag2 tag1
\ /
M --- V - tag2
\ \
\ M
\ tag1
\ /
V - tag2
\
M
< / pre >
< p > peut-être fait en utilisant le transducteur déterministe à un état suivant: < / p >
< blockquote >
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< p > C → ε< br / >
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E → M< br / >
R → V < / p >
< / blockquote >
< p > Ce qui peut-être traduit par les simples directives Perl suivantes :< / p >
< pre class = "twilight" >
< span class = "StringRegexp" > < span class = "StringRegexp" > < span class = "SupportFunction" > s< / span > /< / span > C< / span > < span class = "StringRegexp" > < span class = "StringRegexp" > /< / span > < span class = "StringRegexp" > /< / span > < / span > < span class = "StringRegexp" > < span class = "StringRegexp" > < span class = "Keyword" > g< / span > < / span > < / span >
< span class = "StringRegexp" > < span class = "StringRegexp" > < span class = "SupportFunction" > s< / span > /< / span > E< / span > < span class = "StringRegexp" > < span class = "StringRegexp" > /< / span > M< span class = "StringRegexp" > /< / span > < / span > < span class = "StringRegexp" > < span class = "StringRegexp" > < span class = "Keyword" > g< / span > < / span > < / span >
< span class = "StringRegexp" > < span class = "StringRegexp" > < span class = "SupportFunction" > s< / span > /< / span > R< / span > < span class = "StringRegexp" > < span class = "StringRegexp" > /< / span > V< span class = "StringRegexp" > /< / span > < / span > < span class = "StringRegexp" > < span class = "StringRegexp" > < span class = "Keyword" > g< / span > < / span > < / span >
< / pre >
< p > Une fois adapté au < span class = "sc" > xml< / span > cela devient :< / p >
< pre class = "twilight" >
< span class = "StringRegexp" > < span class = "StringRegexp" > < span class = "SupportFunction" > s< / span > %< / span > < /?contenu> < / span > < span class = "StringRegexp" > < span class = "StringRegexp" > %< / span > < span class = "StringRegexp" > %< / span > < / span > < span class = "StringRegexp" > < span class = "StringRegexp" > < span class = "Keyword" > g< / span > < / span > < / span >
< span class = "StringRegexp" > < span class = "StringRegexp" > < span class = "SupportFunction" > s< / span > %< / span > < enfant> < / span > < span class = "StringRegexp" > < span class = "StringRegexp" > %< / span > < item name=" menu" > < span class = "StringRegexp" > %< / span > < / span > < span class = "StringRegexp" > < span class = "StringRegexp" > < span class = "Keyword" > g< / span > < / span > < / span >
< span class = "StringRegexp" > < span class = "StringRegexp" > < span class = "SupportFunction" > s< / span > %< / span > < /enfant> < / span > < span class = "StringRegexp" > < span class = "StringRegexp" > %< / span > < /item> < span class = "StringRegexp" > %< / span > < / span > < span class = "StringRegexp" > < span class = "StringRegexp" > < span class = "Keyword" > g< / span > < / span > < / span >
< span class = "StringRegexp" > < span class = "StringRegexp" > < span class = "SupportFunction" > s< / span > %< / span > < rubrique> < / span > < span class = "StringRegexp" > < span class = "StringRegexp" > %< / span > < value> < span class = "StringRegexp" > %< / span > < / span > < span class = "StringRegexp" > < span class = "StringRegexp" > < span class = "Keyword" > g< / span > < / span > < / span >
< span class = "StringRegexp" > < span class = "StringRegexp" > < span class = "SupportFunction" > s< / span > %< / span > < /rubrique> < / span > < span class = "StringRegexp" > < span class = "StringRegexp" > %< / span > < /value> < span class = "StringRegexp" > %< / span > < / span > < span class = "StringRegexp" > < span class = "StringRegexp" > < span class = "Keyword" > g< / span > < / span > < / span >
< / pre >
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< p > Et c’ est tout.< / p >
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< h1 id = "conclusion" > Conclusion< / h1 >
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< p > Même si cela peut sembler paradoxal, parfois la solution la plus efficace à un problème pragmatique est d’ utiliser une méthodologie théorique.< / p >
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< ol >
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< p > Normalement, je fais parti des 10% qui ont fourni une implémentation sans bug.< a href = "#fnref:1" rev = "footnote" > ↩ < / a > < / p >
< / li >
< li id = "fn:nb" >
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< p > J’ ai programmé un outil qui calcule automatiquement le poids de chaque élément des matrices d’ édition à partir de données.< a href = "#fnref:nb" rev = "footnote" > ↩ < / a > < / p >
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2011-04-20 13:56:52 +00:00
< a href = "/Scratch/fr/blog/2010-05-19-How-to-cut-HTML-and-repair-it/" > < span class = "nicer" > «< / span > Comment réparer un XML coupé ?< / a >
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< a href = "/Scratch/fr/blog/2010-05-17-at-least-this-blog-revive/" > < span class = "nicer" > «< / span > Je reviens à la vie !< / a >
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2011-04-20 13:56:52 +00:00
< a href = "/Scratch/fr/blog/2010-03-23-Encapsulate-git/" > < span class = "nicer" > «< / span > Encapsuler git< / a >
2011-04-20 12:29:01 +00:00
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< a href = "/Scratch/fr/blog/2010-06-14-multi-language-choices/" > choix liés à l'écriture dans plusieurs langues < span class = "nicer" > »< / span > < / a >
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< a href = "/Scratch/fr/blog/2010-06-15-Get-my-blog-engine/" > Récupérez mon système de blog < span class = "nicer" > »< / span > < / a >
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< a href = "/Scratch/fr/blog/2010-06-17-track-events-with-google-analytics/" > Analyser les clicks sur votre Site < span class = "nicer" > »< / span > < / a >
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