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Fun with wav
< / h1 >
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< p > < span class = "sc" > < abbr title = "Too long; didn't read" > tl;dr< / abbr > : < / span > Played to process a < code > wav< / code > file. < code > C< / code > was easier and cleaner than Ruby.< / p >
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< p > edit: I wanted this program to work only on one specific machine (a x86 on a 32 bit Ubuntu). Therefore I didn’ < em > hack< / em > .< / p >
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< / div >
< p > I had to compute the sum of the absolute values of data of a < code > .wav< / code > file.
For efficiency (and fun) reasons, I had chosen < code > C< / code > language.< / p >
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< p > I didn’ < code > C< / code > for a long time.
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From my memory it was a pain to read and write to files.
But in the end I was really impressed by the code I get.
It was really clean.
This is even more impressive knowing I used mostly low level functions.< / p >
< p > A < code > wav< / code > file has an header containing many metadata.
This header was optimized to take as few space as possible.
The header is then a block of packed bytes.< / p >
< ul >
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< li > The 4< sup > th< / sup > first bytes must contains < code > RIFF< / code > in ASCII,< / li >
< li > the following 4< sup > th< / sup > Bytes is an 32 bits integer giving the size of the file minus 8, etc…< / li >
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< / ul >
< p > Surprisingly, I believe that reading this kind of file is easier in < code > C< / code > than in most higher level language.
Proof: I only have to search on the web the complete header format and write it in a struct.< / p >
< pre class = "twilight" >
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struct wavfile
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{
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char < span class = "Storage" > id< / span > [4]; // should always contain " RIFF"
int totallength; // total file length minus 8
char wavefmt[8]; // should be " WAVEfmt "
int format; // 16 for PCM format
short pcm; // 1 for PCM format
short channels; // channels
int frequency; // sampling frequency
int bytes_per_second;
short bytes_by_capture;
short bits_per_sample;
char data[4]; // should always contain " data"
int bytes_in_data;
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};
< / pre >
< p > To read this kind of data in Ruby, I certainly had to write a block of code for each element in the struct.
But in < code > C< / code > I simply written:< / p >
< pre class = "twilight" >
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fread(& header,sizeof(header),1,wav)
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< / pre >
< p > Only one step to fill my data structure. Magic!< / p >
< p > Then, get an int value coded on two Bytes is also not a natural operation for high level language.
In < code > C< / code > , to read a sequence of 2 Bytes numbers I only had to write:< / p >
< pre class = "twilight" >
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short value=0;
while( fread(& value,sizeof(value),1,wav) ) {
// do something with value
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}
< / pre >
< p > Finally I ended with the following code. Remark I know the wav format (16 bit / 48000Hz):< / p >
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< div class = "code" > < div class = "file" > < a href = "/Scratch/en/blog/2010-10-14-Fun-with-wav/code/wavsum.c" > ➥ wavsum.c < / a > < / div > < div class = "withfile" >
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< pre class = "twilight" >
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#include < stdio.h>
#include < stdlib.h>
#include < stdint.h>
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struct wavfile
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{
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char < span class = "Storage" > id< / span > [4]; // should always contain " RIFF"
int totallength; // total file length minus 8
char wavefmt[8]; // should be " WAVEfmt "
int format; // 16 for PCM format
short pcm; // 1 for PCM format
short channels; // channels
int frequency; // sampling frequency
int bytes_per_second;
short bytes_by_capture;
short bits_per_sample;
char data[4]; // should always contain " data"
int bytes_in_data;
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};
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int main(int argc, char *argv[]) {
char *filename=argv[1];
FILE *wav = fopen(filename," rb" );
struct wavfile header;
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if ( wav == NULL ) {
fprintf(stderr," Can't open input file %s" , filename);
exit(1);
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}
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// read header
if ( fread(& header,sizeof(header),1,wav) < 1 )
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{
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fprintf(stderr," Can't read file header\n" );
exit(1);
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}
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if ( header.< span class = "Storage" > id< / span > [0] != 'R'
|| header.< span class = "Storage" > id< / span > [1] != 'I'
|| header.< span class = "Storage" > id< / span > [2] != 'F'
|| header.< span class = "Storage" > id< / span > [3] != 'F' ) {
fprintf(stderr," ERROR: Not wav format\n" );
exit(1);
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}
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fprintf(stderr," wav format\n" );
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// read data
long sum=0;
short value=0;
while( fread(& value,sizeof(value),1,wav) ) {
// fprintf(stderr," %d\n" , value);
if (value< 0) { value=-value; }
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sum += value;
}
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printf(" %ld\n" ,sum);
exit(0);
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}
< / pre >
< / div > < / div >
< p > Of course it is only a hack.
But we can see how easy and clean it should be to improve.
As I say often: the right tool for your need instead of the same tool for all your needs.
Because here < code > C< / code > is clearly far superior than Ruby to handle this simple tasks.< / p >
< p > I am curious to know if somebody know a nice way to do this with Ruby or Python.< / p >
< p > < em > edit: for compatibility reasons (64bit machines) used < code > int16_t< / code > instead of < code > short< / code > and < code > int< / code > instead of < code > int< / code > .< / em > < / p >
< div class = "intro" >
< p > Edit (2): after most consideration about portability I made an < em > hopefully< / em > more portable version.
But I must confess this task was a bit tedious.
The code remain as readable as before.
But I had to use some compiler specific declaration to force the structure to be packed:< / p >
< pre class = "twilight" >
__attribute__((__packed__))
< / pre >
< p > Therefore this implementation should for big and little endian architecture.
However, it must be compiled with < code > gcc< / code > .
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The new code make more tests but still don’ < code > mmap< / code > .
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Here it is:< / p >
< / div >
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< div class = "code" > < div class = "file" > < a href = "/Scratch/en/blog/2010-10-14-Fun-with-wav/code/wavsum2.c" > ➥ wavsum2.c < / a > < / div > < div class = "withfile" >
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< pre class = "twilight" >
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#include < stdio.h>
#include < stdlib.h>
#include < string.h> // for memcmp
#include < stdint.h> // for int16_t and int32_t
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struct wavfile
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{
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char < span class = "Storage" > id< / span > [4]; // should always contain " RIFF"
int32_t totallength; // total file length minus 8
char wavefmt[8]; // should be " WAVEfmt "
int32_t format; // 16 for PCM format
int16_t pcm; // 1 for PCM format
int16_t channels; // channels
int32_t frequency; // sampling frequency
int32_t bytes_per_second;
int16_t bytes_by_capture;
int16_t bits_per_sample;
char data[4]; // should always contain " data"
int32_t bytes_in_data;
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} __attribute__((__packed__));
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int is_big_endian(void) {
union {
uint32_t i;
char c[4];
} bint = {0x01000000};
return bint.c[0]==1;
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}
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int main(int argc, char *argv[]) {
char *filename=argv[1];
FILE *wav = fopen(filename," rb" );
struct wavfile header;
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if ( wav == NULL ) {
fprintf(stderr," Can't open input file %s\n" , filename);
exit(1);
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}
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// read header
if ( fread(& header,sizeof(header),1,wav) < 1 ) {
fprintf(stderr," Can't read input file header %s\n" , filename);
exit(1);
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}
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// if wav file isn't the same endianness than the current environment
// we quit
if ( is_big_endian() ) {
if ( memcmp( header.< span class = "Storage" > id< / span > ," RIFX" , 4) != 0 ) {
fprintf(stderr," ERROR: %s is not a big endian wav file\n" , filename);
exit(1);
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}
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} else {
if ( memcmp( header.< span class = "Storage" > id< / span > ," RIFF" , 4) != 0 ) {
fprintf(stderr," ERROR: %s is not a little endian wav file\n" , filename);
exit(1);
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}
}
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if ( memcmp( header.wavefmt, " WAVEfmt " , 8) != 0
|| memcmp( header.data, " data" , 4) != 0
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) {
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fprintf(stderr," ERROR: Not wav format\n" );
exit(1);
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}
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if (header.format != 16) {
fprintf(stderr," \nERROR: not 16 bit wav format." );
exit(1);
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}
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fprintf(stderr," format: %d bits" , header.format);
if (header.format == 16) {
fprintf(stderr," , PCM" );
} else {
fprintf(stderr," , not PCM (%d)" , header.format);
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}
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if (header.pcm == 1) {
fprintf(stderr, " uncompressed" );
} else {
fprintf(stderr, " compressed" );
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}
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fprintf(stderr," , channel %d" , header.pcm);
fprintf(stderr," , freq %d" , header.frequency );
fprintf(stderr," , %d bytes per sec" , header.bytes_per_second );
fprintf(stderr," , %d bytes by capture" , header.bytes_by_capture );
fprintf(stderr," , %d bits per sample" , header.bytes_by_capture );
fprintf(stderr," \n" );
if ( memcmp( header.data, " data" , 4) != 0 ) {
fprintf(stderr," ERROR: Prrroblem?\n" );
exit(1);
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}
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fprintf(stderr," wav format\n" );
// read data
long long sum=0;
int16_t value;
int i=0;
fprintf(stderr," ---\n" , value);
while( fread(& value,sizeof(value),1,wav) ) {
if (value< 0) { value=-value; }
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sum += value;
}
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printf(" %lld\n" ,sum);
exit(0);
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}
< / pre >
< / div > < / div >
< p > < em > Edit(3)< / em > :
On < a href = "http://reddit.com" > reddit< / a >
< a href = "http://www.reddit.com/user/Bogdanp" > Bogdanp< / a >
proposed a Python version:< / p >
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< div class = "code" > < div class = "file" > < a href = "/Scratch/en/blog/2010-10-14-Fun-with-wav/code/wavsum.py" > ➥ wavsum.py < / a > < / div > < div class = "withfile" >
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< pre class = "twilight" >
< span class = "Comment" > < span class = "Comment" > #< / span > !/usr/bin/env python< / span >
< span class = "Keyword" > from< / span > struct < span class = "Keyword" > import< / span > calcsize, unpack
< span class = "Keyword" > from< / span > sys < span class = "Keyword" > import< / span > argv, exit
< span class = "Storage" > def< / span > < span class = "Entity" > word_iter< / span > (< span class = "Variable" > f< / span > ):
< span class = "Keyword" > while< / span > < span class = "Constant" > True< / span > :
_bytes < span class = "Keyword" > =< / span > f.read(< span class = "Constant" > 2< / span > )
< span class = "Keyword" > if< / span > < span class = "SupportFunction" > len< / span > (_bytes) < span class = "Keyword" > !=< / span > < span class = "Constant" > 2< / span > :
< span class = "Keyword" > raise< / span > < span class = "Support" > StopIteration< / span >
< span class = "Keyword" > yield< / span > unpack(< span class = "String" > < span class = "String" > " < / span > =h< span class = "String" > " < / span > < / span > , _bytes)[< span class = "Constant" > 0< / span > ]
< span class = "Keyword" > try< / span > :
< span class = "Keyword" > with< / span > < span class = "Support" > open< / span > (argv[< span class = "Constant" > 1< / span > ], < span class = "String" > < span class = "String" > " < / span > rb< span class = "String" > " < / span > < / span > ) < span class = "Keyword" > as< / span > f:
wav < span class = "Keyword" > =< / span > < span class = "String" > < span class = "String" > " < / span > =4ci8cihhiihh4ci< span class = "String" > " < / span > < / span >
wav_size < span class = "Keyword" > =< / span > calcsize(wav)
metadata < span class = "Keyword" > =< / span > unpack(wav, f.read(wav_size))
< span class = "Keyword" > if< / span > < span class = "String" > < span class = "String" > " < / span > < span class = "String" > < span class = "String" > " < / span > < / span > < / span > .join(metadata[:< span class = "Constant" > 4< / span > ]) < span class = "Keyword" > !=< / span > < span class = "String" > < span class = "String" > " < / span > RIFF< span class = "String" > " < / span > < / span > :
< span class = "Keyword" > print< / span > < span class = "String" > < span class = "String" > " < / span > error: not wav file.< span class = "String" > " < / span > < / span >
exit(< span class = "Constant" > 1< / span > )
< span class = "Keyword" > print< / span > < span class = "SupportFunction" > sum< / span > (< span class = "SupportFunction" > abs< / span > (word) < span class = "Keyword" > for< / span > word < span class = "Keyword" > in< / span > word_iter(f))
< span class = "Keyword" > except< / span > < span class = "Support" > IOError< / span > :
< span class = "Keyword" > print< / span > < span class = "String" > < span class = "String" > " < / span > error: can't open input file '< span class = "StringConstant" > %s< / span > '.< span class = "String" > " < / span > < / span > < span class = "Keyword" > %< / span > argv[< span class = "Constant" > 1< / span > ]
exit(< span class = "Constant" > 1< / span > )
< / pre >
< / div > < / div >
< p > and < a href = "http://www.reddit.com/user/luikore" > luikore< / a >
proposed an impressive Ruby version:< / p >
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< div class = "code" > < div class = "file" > < a href = "/Scratch/en/blog/2010-10-14-Fun-with-wav/code/wavsum.rb" > ➥ wavsum.rb < / a > < / div > < div class = "withfile" >
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< pre class = "twilight" >
data < span class = "Keyword" > =< / span > < span class = "Variable" > ARGF< / span > .< span class = "Entity" > read< / span >
keys < span class = "Keyword" > =< / span > < span class = "String" > < span class = "String" > %w[< / span > id totallength wavefmt format< / span >
< span class = "String" > pcm channels frequency bytes_per_second< / span >
< span class = "String" > bytes_by_capture bits_per_sample< / span >
< span class = "String" > data bytes_in_data sum< / span >
< span class = "String" > < span class = "String" > ]< / span > < / span >
values < span class = "Keyword" > =< / span > data.< span class = "Entity" > unpack< / span > < span class = "String" > < span class = "String" > '< / span > Z4 i Z8 i s s i i s s Z4 i s*< span class = "String" > '< / span > < / span >
sum < span class = "Keyword" > =< / span > values.< span class = "Entity" > drop< / span > (< span class = "Constant" > 12< / span > ).< span class = "Entity" > map< / span > (< span class = "Keyword" > & < / span > < span class = "Constant" > < span class = "Constant" > :< / span > abs< / span > ).< span class = "Entity" > inject< / span > (< span class = "Constant" > < span class = "Constant" > :< / span > +< / span > )
keys.< span class = "Entity" > zip< / span > (values.< span class = "Entity" > take< / span > (< span class = "Constant" > 12< / span > ) < span class = "Keyword" > < < < / span > sum) {|< span class = "Variable" > k< / span > , < span class = "Variable" > v< / span > |
puts < span class = "String" > < span class = "String" > " < / span > < span class = "StringEmbeddedSource" > < span class = "StringEmbeddedSource" > #{< / span > k< span class = "StringEmbeddedSource" > < span class = "StringEmbeddedSource" > .< / span > < span class = "Entity" > ljust< / span > < / span > < span class = "StringConstant" > 17< / span > < span class = "StringEmbeddedSource" > }< / span > < / span > : < span class = "StringEmbeddedSource" > < span class = "StringEmbeddedSource" > #{< / span > v< span class = "StringEmbeddedSource" > }< / span > < / span > < span class = "String" > " < / span > < / span >
}
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< a href = "/Scratch/en/blog/2010-10-10-Secure-eMail-on-Mac-in-few-steps/" > < span class = "nicer" > «< / span > Secure eMail on Mac in few steps< / a >
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< a href = "/Scratch/en/blog/2010-10-06-New-Blog-Design-Constraints/" > < span class = "nicer" > «< / span > New Blog Design Constraints< / a >
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< a href = "/Scratch/en/blog/2010-09-02-Use-git-to-calculate-trusted-mtimes/" > < span class = "nicer" > «< / span > Use git to calculate trusted mtimes< / a >
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< a href = "/Scratch/en/blog/2010-10-26-LaTeX-like-macro-and-markdown/" > LaTeX like macro for markdown < span class = "nicer" > »< / span > < / a >
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< a href = "/Scratch/en/blog/2011-01-03-Happy-New-Year/" > Happy New Year < span class = "nicer" > »< / span > < / a >
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< a href = "/Scratch/en/blog/2011-01-03-Why-I-sadly-won-t-use-coffeescript/" > Why I won't use CoffeeScript (sadly) < span class = "nicer" > »< / span > < / a >
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< a rel = "license" href = "http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/3.0/" > Copyright ©, Yann Esposito< / a >
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Created: 10/14/2010
2011-11-16 12:14:39 +00:00
Modified: 10/26/2011
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Entirely done with
< a href = "http://www.vim.org" > Vim< / a >
and
< a href = "http://nanoc.stoneship.org" > nanoc< / a >
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.
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