# Tutorial Leiningen is for automating Clojure projects without setting your hair on fire. It offers various project-related tasks and can: * create new projects * fetch dependencies for your project * run tests * run a fully-configured REPL * compile Java sources (if any) * run the project (if the project isn't a library) * generate a maven-style "pom" file for the project for interop * compile and package projects for deployment * publish libraries to repositories such as [Clojars](http://clojars.org) * run custom automation tasks written in Clojure (leiningen plug-ins) If you come from the Java world, Leiningen could be thought of as "Maven meets Ant without the pain". For Ruby and Python folks, Leiningen combines RubyGems/Bundler/Rake and pip/Fabric in a single tool. ## What This Tutorial Covers This tutorial will briefly cover project structure, dependency management, running tests, the REPL, and topics related to deployment. For those of you new to the JVM who have never touched Ant or Maven in anger: don't panic. Leiningen is designed with you in mind. This tutorial will help you get started and explain Leiningen's take on project automation and JVM-land dependency management. ## Getting Help Also keep in mind that Leiningen ships with fairly comprehensive help; `lein help` gives a list of tasks while `lein help $TASK` provides details. Further documentation such as the readme, sample configuration, and even this tutorial are also provided. ## Leiningen Projects Leiningen works with *projects*. A project is a directory containing a group of Clojure (and possibly Java) source files, along with a bit of metadata about them. The metadata is stored in a file named `project.clj` in the project's root directory, which is how you tell Leiningen about things like * Project name * Project description * What libraries the project depends on * What Clojure version to use * Where to find source files * What's the main namespace of the app and more. Most Leiningen tasks only make sense in the context of a project. Some (for example, `repl` or `help`) can also be called from any directory. Next let's take a look at how projects are created. ## Creating a Project We'll assume you've got Leiningen installed as per the [README](https://github.com/technomancy/leiningen/blob/stable/README.md). Generating a new project is easy: $ lein new app my-stuff Generating a project called my-stuff based on the 'app' template. $ cd my-stuff $ find . . ./.gitignore ./doc ./doc/intro.md ./project.clj ./README.md ./src ./src/my_stuff ./src/my_stuff/core.clj ./test ./test/my_stuff ./test/my_stuff/core_test.clj In this example we're using the `app` template, which is intended for an application project rather than a library. Omitting the `app` argument will use the `default` template, which is suitable for libraries. ### Directory Layout Here we've got your project's README, a `src/` directory containing the code, a `test/` directory, and a `project.clj` file which describes your project to Leiningen. The `src/my_stuff/core.clj` file corresponds to the `my-stuff.core` namespace. ### Filename-to-Namespace Mapping Convention Note that we use `my-stuff.core` instead of just `my-stuff` since single-segment namespaces are discouraged in Clojure. Also note that namespaces with dashes in the name will have the corresponding file named with underscores instead since the JVM has trouble loading files with dashes in the name. The intricacies of namespaces are a common source of confusion for newcomers, and while they are mostly outside the scope of this tutorial you can [read up on them elsewhere](http://blog.8thlight.com/colin-jones/2010/12/05/clojure-libs-and-namespaces-require-use-import-and-ns.html). ## project.clj Your `project.clj` file will start off looking something like this: ```clj (defproject my-stuff "0.1.0-SNAPSHOT" :description "FIXME: write description" :url "http://example.com/FIXME" :license {:name "Eclipse Public License" :url "http://www.eclipse.org/legal/epl-v10.html"} :dependencies [[org.clojure/clojure "1.4.0"]] :main my-stuff.core) ``` If you don't fill in the `:description` with a short sentence, your project will be harder to find in search results, so start there. Be sure to fix the `:url` as well. At some point you'll need to flesh out the `README.md` file too, but for now let's skip ahead to setting `:dependencies`. Note that Clojure is just another dependency here. Unlike most languages, it's easy to swap out any version of Clojure. ## Dependencies ### Overview Clojure is a hosted language and Clojure libraries are distributed the same way as in other JVM languages: as jar files. Jar files are basically just `.zip` files with a little extra JVM-specific metadata. They usually contain `.class` files (JVM bytecode) and `.clj` source files, but they can also contain other things like config files, JavaScript files or text files with static data. Published JVM libraries have *identifiers* (artifact group, artifact id) and *versions*. ### Artifact IDs, Groups, and Versions You can [search Clojars](http://clojars.org/search?q=clj-http) using its web interface or via `lein search $TERM`. On the page for `clj-http` it shows this: [clj-http "0.5.5"] There are two different ways of specifying a dependency on the latest stable version of the `clj-http` library, one in Leiningen format shown above and one in Maven format. We'll skip the Maven one for now, though you'll need to learn to read it for Java libraries from [Central](http://search.maven.org). You can copy the Leiningen version directly into the `:dependencies` vector in `project.clj`. So for instance, if you change replace the `:dependencies` line in the example `project.clj` above to ```clj :dependencies [[org.clojure/clojure "1.4.0"] [clj-http "0.5.5"]] ``` `lein` will automatically download the `clj-http` jar and make sure it is on your classpath when your project code is run under future `lein` invocations. If you want to explicitly tell lein to download new dependencies, you can do so with `lein deps`, but it will happen automatically if you don't. Within the vector, "clj-http" is referred to as the "artifact id". "0.5.5" is the version. Some libraries will also have "group ids", which are displayed like this: [com.cedarsoft.utils.legacy/hibernate "1.3.4"] The group-id is the part before the slash. Especially for Java libraries, it's often a reversed domain name. Clojure libraries often use the same group-id and artifact-id (as with clj-http), in which case you can omit the group-id. If there is a library that's part of a larger group (such as `ring-jetty-adapter` being part of the `ring` project), the group-id is often the same across all the sub-projects. ### Snapshot Versions Sometimes versions will end in "-SNAPSHOT". This means that it is not an official release but a development build. Relying on snapshot dependencies is discouraged but is sometimes necessary if you need bug fixes, etc. that have not made their way into a release yet. However, snapshot versions are not guaranteed to stick around, so it's important that non-development releases never depend upon snapshot versions that you don't control. Adding a snapshot dependency to your project will cause Leiningen to actively go seek out the latest version of the dependency daily (whereas normal release versions are cached in the local repository) so if you have a lot of snapshots it will slow things down. Note that some libraries make their group-id and artifact-id correspond with the namespace they provide inside the jar, but this is just a convention. There is no guarantee they will match up at all, so consult the library's documentation before writing your `:require` and `:import` clauses. ### Repositories Dependencies are stored in *artifact repositories*. If you are familiar with Perl's CPAN, Python's Cheeseshop (aka PyPi), Ruby's rubygems.org, or Node.js's NPM, it's the same thing. Leiningen reuses existing JVM repository infrastructure. There are several popular open source repositories. Leiningen by default will use two of them: [clojars.org](http://clojars.org) and [Maven Central](http://search.maven.org/). [Clojars](https://clojars.org/) is the Clojure community's centralized maven repository, while [Central](http://search.maven.org/) is for the wider JVM community. You can add third-party repositories by setting the `:repositories` key in project.clj. See the [sample.project.clj](https://github.com/technomancy/leiningen/blob/stable/sample.project.clj). ### Checkout Dependencies Sometimes it is necessary to develop two projects in parallel but it is very inconvenient to run `lein install` and restart your repl all the time to get your changes picked up. Leiningen provides a solution called *checkout dependencies* (or just *checkouts*). To use it, create a directory called `checkouts` in the project root, like so: . |-- project.clj |-- README.md |-- checkouts |-- src | `-- my_stuff | `-- core.clj `-- test `-- my_stuff `-- core_test.clj Then, under the checkouts directory, create symlinks to projects you need. . |-- project.clj |-- README.md |-- checkouts | `-- superlib2 [link to ~/code/oss/superlib2] | `-- superlib3 [link to ~/code/megacorp/superlib3] |-- src | `-- my_stuff | `-- core.clj `-- test `-- my_stuff `-- core_test.clj Libraries located under the `checkouts` directory take precedence over libraries pulled from repositories, but this is not a replacement for listing the project in your main project's `:dependencies`; it simply supplements that for convenience. If you have a project in `checkouts` without putting it in `:dependencies` then its source will be visible but its dependencies will not be found. If you change the dependencies of a checkout project you will still have to run `lein install` and restart your repl; it's just that source changes will be picked up immediately. After you've updated `:dependencies`, `lein` will still need to be able to find the library in some repository like clojars or your `~/.m2` directory. If `lein` complains that it could not find the library artifact, you can install it locally by running `lein install` in the checkout dependency project directory. Checkouts are an opt-in feature; not everyone who is working on the project will have the same set of checkouts, so your project should work without checkouts before you push or merge. ### Search Leiningen supports searching remote Maven repositories for matching jars with the command `lein search $TERM`. The first time `lein search` is run, a set of indices are downloaded. Once this is finished, the query is evaluated as a Lucene search. This allows for simple string matching or strings prefixed with one of the following operators: * `artifact-id`, `artifact\_id`, `id`, `a` * `group-id`, `group\_id`, `group`, `g` * `description`, `desc`, `d` These prefixes allow you to execute more advanced queries such as: $ lein search clojure $ lein search description:crawl $ lein search group:clojurewerkz $ lein search \"Riak client\" `lein search` also accepts a second, optional parameter for fetching successive pages, e.g. `lein search clojure 2`. ## Running Code Enough setup; let's see some code running. Start with a REPL (read-eval-print loop): $ lein repl nREPL server started on port 40612 Welcome to REPL-y! Clojure 1.4.0 Docs: (doc function-name-here) (find-doc "part-of-name-here") Source: (source function-name-here) Javadoc: (javadoc java-object-or-class-here) Exit: Control+D or (exit) or (quit) user=> The REPL is an interactive prompt where you can enter arbitrary code to run in the context of your project. Since we've added `clj-http` to `:dependencies`, we are able to load it here along with code from the `my-stuff.core` namespace in your project's own `src/` directory: user=> (require 'my-stuff.core) nil user=> (my-stuff.core/-main) Hello, World! nil user=> (require '[clj-http.client :as http]) nil user=> (def response (http/get "http://leiningen.org")) #'user/response user=> (keys response) (:trace-redirects :status :headers :body) The call to `-main` shows both println output ("Hello, World!") and the return value (nil) together. Built-in documentation is available via `doc`, while `clojuredocs` offers more thorough examples from the [ClojureDocs](http://clojuredocs.org) site: user=> (doc reduce) ------------------------- clojure.core/reduce ([f coll] [f val coll]) f should be a function of 2 arguments. If val is not supplied, returns the result of applying f to the first 2 items in coll, then applying f to that result and the 3rd item, etc. If coll contains no items, f must accept no arguments as well, and reduce returns the result of calling f with no arguments. If coll has only 1 item, it is returned and f is not called. If val is supplied, returns the result of applying f to val and the first item in coll, then applying f to that result and the 2nd item, etc. If coll contains no items, returns val and f is not called. user=> (user/clojuredocs pprint) Loading clojuredocs-client... ========== vvv Examples ================ user=> (def *map* (zipmap [:a :b :c :d :e] (repeat (zipmap [:a :b :c :d :e] (take 5 (range)))))) #'user/*map* user=> *map* {:e {:e 4, :d 3, :c 2, :b 1, :a 0}, :d {:e 4, :d 3, :c 2, :b 1, [...]}} user=> (clojure.pprint/pprint *map*) {:e {:e 4, :d 3, :c 2, :b 1, :a 0}, :d {:e 4, :d 3, :c 2, :b 1, :a 0}, :c {:e 4, :d 3, :c 2, :b 1, :a 0}, :b {:e 4, :d 3, :c 2, :b 1, :a 0}, :a {:e 4, :d 3, :c 2, :b 1, :a 0}} nil ========== ^^^ Examples ================ 1 example found for clojure.pprint/pprint You can even examine the source of functions: user=> (source my-stuff.core/-main) (defn -main "I don't do a whole lot." [& args] (println "Hello, World!")) user=> ; use control+d to exit If you already have code in a `-main` function ready to go and don't need to enter code interactively, the `run` task is simpler: $ lein run Hello, World! Providing a `-m` argument will tell Leiningen to look for the `-main` function in another namespace. Setting a default `:main` in `project.clj` lets you omit `-m`. For long-running `lein run` processes, you may wish to save memory with the higher-order trampoline task, which allows the Leiningen JVM process to exit before launching your project's JVM. $ lein trampoline run -m my-stuff.server 5000 ## Tests We haven't written any tests yet, but we can run the failing tests included from the project template: $ lein test lein test my.test.stuff FAIL in (a-test) (stuff.clj:7) FIXME, I fail. expected: (= 0 1) actual: (not (= 0 1)) Ran 1 tests containing 1 assertions. 1 failures, 0 errors. Once we fill it in the test suite will become more useful. Sometimes if you've got a large test suite you'll want to run just one or two namespaces at a time; `lein test my.test.stuff` will do that. You also might want to break up your tests using test selectors; see `lein help test` for more details. Running `lein test` from the command-line is suitable for regression testing, but the slow startup time of the JVM makes it a poor fit for testing styles that require tighter feedback loops. In these cases, either keep a repl open for running the appropriate call to [clojure.test/run-tests](http://clojuredocs.org/clojure_core/1.3.0/clojure.test/run-tests) or look into editor integration such as [clojure-test-mode](https://github.com/technomancy/clojure-mode). Keep in mind that while keeping a running process around is convenient, it's easy for that process to get into a state that doesn't reflect the files on disk—functions that are loaded and then deleted from the file will remain in memory, making it easy to miss problems arising from missing functions (often referred to as "getting slimed"). Because of this it's advised to do a `lein test` run with a fresh instance periodically in any case, perhaps before you commit. ## Profiles Profiles are used to add various things into your project map in different contexts. For instance, during `lein test` runs, the contents of the `:test` profile, if present, will be merged into your project map. You can use this to enable configuration that should only be applied during test runs, either by adding directories containing config files to your classpath via `:resource-paths` or by other means. See `lein help profiles` for more details. Unless you tell it otherwise, Leiningen will merge the default set of profiles into the project map. This includes user-wide settings from your `:user` profile, the `:dev` profile from `project.clj` if present, and the built-in `:base` profile which contains dev tools like nREPL and optimizations which help startup time at the expense of runtime performance. Never benchmark with the default profiles. (See the FAQ entry for "tiered compilation") ## What to do with it Generally speaking, there are three different goals that are typical of Leiningen projects: * An application you can distribute to end-users * A server-side application * A library for other Clojure projects to consume For the first, you typically build an uberjar. For libraries, you will want to have them published to a repository like Clojars or a private repository. For server-side applications it varies as described below. Generating a project with `lein new app myapp` will start you out with a few extra defaults suitable for non-library projects, or you can browse the [available templates on Clojars](https://clojars.org/search?q=lein-template) for things like specific web technologies or other project types. ### Uberjar The simplest thing to do is to distribute an uberjar. This is a single standalone executable jar file most suitable for giving to nontechnical users. For this to work you'll need to specify a namespace as your `:main` in `project.clj` and ensure it's also AOT compiled by adding it to `:aot`. By this point our `project.clj` file should look like this: ```clj (defproject my-stuff "0.1.0-SNAPSHOT" :description "FIXME: write description" :url "http://example.com/FIXME" :license {:name "Eclipse Public License" :url "http://www.eclipse.org/legal/epl-v10.html"} :dependencies [[org.clojure/clojure "1.3.0"] [org.apache.lucene/lucene-core "3.0.2"] [clj-http "0.4.1"]] :profiles {:dev {:dependencies [[ring/ring-devel "1.2.0"]]}} :test-selectors {:default (complement :integration) :integration :integration :all (fn [_] true)} :main my.stuff :aot [my.stuff]) ``` The namespace you specify will need to contain a `-main` function that will get called when your standalone jar is run. This namespace should have a `(:gen-class)` declaration in the `ns` form at the top. The `-main` function will get passed the command-line arguments. Let's try something simple in `src/my/stuff.clj`: ```clj (ns my.stuff (:gen-class)) (defn -main [& args] (println "Welcome to my project! These are your args:" args)) ``` Now we're ready to generate your uberjar: $ lein uberjar Compiling my.stuff Compilation succeeded. Created /home/phil/src/leiningen/my-stuff/target/my-stuff-0.1.0-SNAPSHOT.jar Including my-stuff-0.1.0-SNAPSHOT.jar Including clj-http-0.4.1.jar Including clojure-1.3.0.jar Including lucene-core-3.0.2.jar Created /home/phil/src/leiningen/my-stuff/target/my-stuff-0.1.0-SNAPSHOT-standalone.jar This creates a single jar file that contains the contents of all your dependencies. Users can run it with a simple `java` invocation, or on some systems just by double-clicking the jar file. $ java -jar my-stuff-0.1.0-standalone.jar Hello world. Welcome to my project! These are your args: (Hello world.) You can run a regular (non-uber) jar with the `java` command-line tool, but that requires constructing the classpath yourself, so it's not a good solution for end-users. Of course if your users already have Leiningen installed, you can instruct them to use `lein run` as described above. ### Framework (Uber)jars Many Java frameworks expect deployment of a jar file or derived archive sub-format containing a subset of the application's necessary dependencies. The framework expects to provide the missing dependencies itself at run-time. Dependencies which are provided by a framework in this fashion may be specified in the `:provided` profile. Such dependencies will be available during compilation, testing, etc., but won't be included by default by the `uberjar` task or plugin tasks intended to produce stable deployment artifacts. For example, Hadoop job jars may be just regular (uber)jar files containing all dependencies except the Hadoop libraries themselves: ```clj (project example.hadoop "0.1.0" ... :profiles {:provided {:dependencies [[org.apache.hadoop/hadoop-core "0.20.2-dev"]]}} :main example.hadoop) ``` $ lein uberjar Compiling example.hadoop Created /home/xmpl/src/example.hadoop/example.hadoop-0.1.0.jar Including example.hadoop-0.1.0.jar Including clojure-1.4.0.jar Created /home/xmpl/src/example.hadoop/example.hadoop-0.1.0-standalone.jar $ hadoop jar example.hadoop-0.1.0-standalone.jar 12/08/24 08:28:30 INFO util.Util: resolving application jar from found main method on: example.hadoop 12/08/24 08:28:30 INFO flow.MultiMapReducePlanner: using application jar: /home/xmpl/src/example.hadoop/./example.hadoop-0.1.0-standalone.jar ... Plugins are required to generate framework deployment jar derivatives (such as WAR files) which include additional metadata, but the `:provided` profile provides a general mechanism for handling the framework dependencies. ### Server-side Projects There are many ways to get your project deployed as a server-side application. Aside from the obvious uberjar approach, simple programs can be packaged up as tarballs with accompanied shell scripts using the [lein-tar plugin](https://github.com/technomancy/lein-tar) and then deployed using [pallet](http://hugoduncan.github.com/pallet/), [chef](http://opscode.com/chef/), or other mechanisms. Web applications may be deployed as uberjars using embedded Jetty with `ring-jetty-adapter` or as .war (web application archive) files created by the [lein-ring plugin](https://github.com/weavejester/lein-ring). For things beyond uberjars, server-side deployments are so varied that they are better-handled using plugins rather than tasks that are built-in to Leiningen itself. It's possible to involve Leiningen during production, but there are many subtle gotchas to that approach; it's strongly recommended to use an uberjar if you can. If you need to launch with the `run` task, you should use `lein trampoline run` in order to save memory, otherwise Leiningen's own JVM will stay up and consume unnecessary memory. In addition it's very important to ensure you take steps to freeze all the dependencies before deploying, otherwise it could be easy to end up with [unrepeatable deployments](https://github.com/technomancy/leiningen/wiki/Repeatability). Consider including `~/.m2/repository` in your unit of deployment (tarball, .deb file, etc) along with your project code. It's recommended to use Leiningen to create a deployable artifact in a continuous integration setting. For example, you could have a [Jenkins](http://jenkins-ci.org) CI server run your project's full test suite, and if it passes, upload a tarball to S3. Then deployment is just a matter of pulling down and extracting the known-good tarball on your production servers. Simply launching Leiningen from a checkout on the server will work for the most basic deployments, but as soon as you get a number of servers you run the risk of running with a heterogeneous cluster since you're not guaranteed that each machine will be running with the exact same codebase. Also remember that the default profiles are included unless you specify otherwise, which is not suitable for production. Using `lein trampoline with-profile production run -m myapp.main` is recommended. By default the production profile is empty, but if your deployment includes the `~/.m2/repository` directory from the CI run that generated the tarball, then you should add its path as `:local-repo` along with `:offline? true` to the `:production` profile. Staying offline prevents the deployed project from diverging at all from the version that was tested in the CI environment. Given these pitfalls, it's best to use an uberjar if possible. ### Publishing Libraries If your project is a library and you would like others to be able to use it as a dependency in their projects, you will need to get it into a public repository. While it's possible to [maintain your own private repository](https://github.com/technomancy/leiningen/blob/stable/doc/DEPLOY.md) or get it into [Central](http://search.maven.org), the easiest way is to publish it at [Clojars](http://clojars.org). Once you have [created an account](https://clojars.org/register) there, publishing is easy: $ lein deploy clojars Created ~/src/my-stuff/target/my-stuff-0.1.0-SNAPSHOT.jar Wrote ~/src/my-stuff/pom.xml No credentials found for clojars See `lein help deploying` for how to configure credentials. Username: me Password: Retrieving my-stuff/my-stuff/0.1.0-SNAPSHOT/maven-metadata.xml (1k) from https://clojars.org/repo/ Sending my-stuff/my-stuff/0.1.0-SNAPSHOT/my-stuff-0.1.0-20120531.032047-14.jar (5k) to https://clojars.org/repo/ Sending my-stuff/my-stuff/0.1.0-SNAPSHOT/my-stuff-0.1.0-20120531.032047-14.pom (3k) to https://clojars.org/repo/ Retrieving my-stuff/my-stuff/maven-metadata.xml (1k) from https://clojars.org/repo/ Sending my-stuff/my-stuff/0.1.0-SNAPSHOT/maven-metadata.xml (1k) to https://clojars.org/repo/ Sending my-stuff/my-stuff/maven-metadata.xml (1k) to https://clojars.org/repo/ Once that succeeds it will be available as a package on which other projects may depend. For instructions on storing your credentials so they don't have to be re-entered every time, see `lein help deploying`. When deploying a release that's not a snapshot, Leiningen will attempt to sign it using [GPG](http://gnupg.org) to prove your authorship of the release. See the [deploy guide](https://github.com/technomancy/leiningen/blob/stable/doc/DEPLOY.md). for details of how to set that up. The deploy guide includes instructions for deploying to other repositories as well. ## That's It! Now go start coding your next project!