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530 lines
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<meta name="date" content="2010-07-20 13:11:00" />
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<div class="center"
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>
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<p class="noindent">
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<p class="noindent"> <span
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class="ptmb7t-x-x-172">Haskell 2010</span><br /><br />
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<span
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class="ptmb7t-x-x-172">Language Report</span><br /><br />
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</div>
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<div class="center"
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>
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<p class="noindent">
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<p class="noindent"> <span
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class="ptmr7t-x-x-120">Simon Marlow</span><br />
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<span
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class="ptmr7t-x-x-120">(editor)</span></div>
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<div class="center"
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>
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<p class="noindent">
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<p class="noindent"> <span
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class="ptmri7t-">Copyright notice.</span></div>
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<p class="noindent"> The authors and publisher intend this Report to belong to the entire Haskell community, and grant permission to
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copy and distribute it for any purpose, provided that it is reproduced in its entirety, including this Notice. Modified
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versions of this Report may also be copied and distributed for any purpose, provided that the modified
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version is clearly presented as such, and that it does not claim to be a definition of the language Haskell
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2010.
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<p class="noindent">
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<p class="noindent">
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<div class="tableofcontents">
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<span class="likechapterToc" ><a
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href="haskellli1.html#x2-1000" id="QQ2-2-1">Contents</a></span>
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<br /><span class="likechapterToc" ><a
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href="haskellli2.html#x3-2000" id="QQ2-3-2">Preface</a></span>
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<br /> <span class="likesectionToc" ><a
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href="haskellli2.html#x3-3000" id="QQ2-3-3">Goals</a></span>
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<br /> <span class="likesectionToc" ><a
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href="haskellli2.html#x3-4000" id="QQ2-3-4">Haskell 2010: language and libraries</a></span>
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<br /> <span class="likesectionToc" ><a
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href="haskellli2.html#x3-5000" id="QQ2-3-5">Extensions to Haskell 98</a></span>
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<br /> <span class="likesectionToc" ><a
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href="haskellli2.html#x3-6000" id="QQ2-3-6">Haskell Resources</a></span>
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<br /> <span class="likesectionToc" ><a
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href="haskellli2.html#x3-7000" id="QQ2-3-7">Building the language</a></span>
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<br /><span class="partToc" >I  <a
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href="haskellpa1.html#x5-8000I" id="QQ2-5-8">The Haskell 2010 Language</a></span>
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<br /><span class="chapterToc" >1 <a
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href="haskellch1.html#x6-90001" id="QQ2-6-9">Introduction</a></span>
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<br /> <span class="sectionToc" >1.1 <a
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href="haskellch1.html#x6-100001.1" id="QQ2-6-10">Program Structure</a></span>
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<br /> <span class="sectionToc" >1.2 <a
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href="haskellch1.html#x6-110001.2" id="QQ2-6-11">The Haskell Kernel</a></span>
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<br /> <span class="sectionToc" >1.3 <a
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href="haskellch1.html#x6-120001.3" id="QQ2-6-12">Values and Types</a></span>
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<br /> <span class="sectionToc" >1.4 <a
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href="haskellch1.html#x6-130001.4" id="QQ2-6-13">Namespaces</a></span>
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<br /><span class="chapterToc" >2 <a
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href="haskellch2.html#x7-140002" id="QQ2-7-14">Lexical Structure</a></span>
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<br /> <span class="sectionToc" >2.1 <a
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href="haskellch2.html#x7-150002.1" id="QQ2-7-15">Notational Conventions</a></span>
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<br /> <span class="sectionToc" >2.2 <a
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href="haskellch2.html#x7-160002.2" id="QQ2-7-16">Lexical Program Structure</a></span>
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<br /> <span class="sectionToc" >2.3 <a
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href="haskellch2.html#x7-170002.3" id="QQ2-7-17">Comments</a></span>
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<br /> <span class="sectionToc" >2.4 <a
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href="haskellch2.html#x7-180002.4" id="QQ2-7-18">Identifiers and Operators</a></span>
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<br /> <span class="sectionToc" >2.5 <a
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href="haskellch2.html#x7-190002.5" id="QQ2-7-19">Numeric Literals</a></span>
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<br /> <span class="sectionToc" >2.6 <a
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href="haskellch2.html#x7-200002.6" id="QQ2-7-20">Character and String Literals</a></span>
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<br /> <span class="sectionToc" >2.7 <a
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href="haskellch2.html#x7-210002.7" id="QQ2-7-21">Layout</a></span>
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<br /><span class="chapterToc" >3 <a
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href="haskellch3.html#x8-220003" id="QQ2-8-24">Expressions</a></span>
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<br /> <span class="sectionToc" >3.1 <a
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href="haskellch3.html#x8-230003.1" id="QQ2-8-25">Errors</a></span>
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<br /> <span class="sectionToc" >3.2 <a
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href="haskellch3.html#x8-240003.2" id="QQ2-8-26">Variables, Constructors, Operators, and Literals</a></span>
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<br /> <span class="sectionToc" >3.3 <a
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href="haskellch3.html#x8-260003.3" id="QQ2-8-28">Curried Applications and Lambda Abstractions</a></span>
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<br /> <span class="sectionToc" >3.4 <a
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href="haskellch3.html#x8-280003.4" id="QQ2-8-30">Operator Applications</a></span>
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<br /> <span class="sectionToc" >3.5 <a
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href="haskellch3.html#x8-300003.5" id="QQ2-8-32">Sections</a></span>
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<br /> <span class="sectionToc" >3.6 <a
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href="haskellch3.html#x8-320003.6" id="QQ2-8-34">Conditionals</a></span>
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<br /> <span class="sectionToc" >3.7 <a
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href="haskellch3.html#x8-340003.7" id="QQ2-8-36">Lists</a></span>
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<br /> <span class="sectionToc" >3.8 <a
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href="haskellch3.html#x8-360003.8" id="QQ2-8-38">Tuples</a></span>
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<br /> <span class="sectionToc" >3.9 <a
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href="haskellch3.html#x8-380003.9" id="QQ2-8-40">Unit Expressions and Parenthesized Expressions</a></span>
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<br /> <span class="sectionToc" >3.10 <a
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href="haskellch3.html#x8-400003.10" id="QQ2-8-42">Arithmetic Sequences</a></span>
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<br /> <span class="sectionToc" >3.11 <a
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href="haskellch3.html#x8-420003.11" id="QQ2-8-44">List Comprehensions</a></span>
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<br /> <span class="sectionToc" >3.12 <a
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href="haskellch3.html#x8-440003.12" id="QQ2-8-46">Let Expressions</a></span>
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<br /> <span class="sectionToc" >3.13 <a
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href="haskellch3.html#x8-460003.13" id="QQ2-8-48">Case Expressions</a></span>
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<br /> <span class="sectionToc" >3.14 <a
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href="haskellch3.html#x8-470003.14" id="QQ2-8-49">Do Expressions</a></span>
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<br /> <span class="sectionToc" >3.15 <a
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href="haskellch3.html#x8-490003.15" id="QQ2-8-51">Datatypes with Field Labels</a></span>
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<br /> <span class="sectionToc" >3.16 <a
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href="haskellch3.html#x8-560003.16" id="QQ2-8-58">Expression Type-Signatures</a></span>
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<br /> <span class="sectionToc" >3.17 <a
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href="haskellch3.html#x8-580003.17" id="QQ2-8-60">Pattern Matching</a></span>
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<br /><span class="chapterToc" >4 <a
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href="haskellch4.html#x10-620004" id="QQ2-10-67">Declarations and Bindings</a></span>
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<br /> <span class="sectionToc" >4.1 <a
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href="haskellch4.html#x10-630004.1" id="QQ2-10-68">Overview of Types and Classes</a></span>
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<br /> <span class="sectionToc" >4.2 <a
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href="haskellch4.html#x10-680004.2" id="QQ2-10-73">User-Defined Datatypes</a></span>
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<br /> <span class="sectionToc" >4.3 <a
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href="haskellch4.html#x10-750004.3" id="QQ2-10-80">Type Classes and Overloading</a></span>
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<br /> <span class="sectionToc" >4.4 <a
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href="haskellch4.html#x10-800004.4" id="QQ2-10-85">Nested Declarations</a></span>
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<br /> <span class="sectionToc" >4.5 <a
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href="haskellch4.html#x10-880004.5" id="QQ2-10-94">Static Semantics of Function and Pattern Bindings</a></span>
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<br /> <span class="sectionToc" >4.6 <a
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href="haskellch4.html#x10-970004.6" id="QQ2-10-103">Kind Inference</a></span>
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<br /><span class="chapterToc" >5 <a
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href="haskellch5.html#x11-980005" id="QQ2-11-104">Modules</a></span>
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<br /> <span class="sectionToc" >5.1 <a
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href="haskellch5.html#x11-990005.1" id="QQ2-11-105">Module Structure</a></span>
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<br /> <span class="sectionToc" >5.2 <a
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href="haskellch5.html#x11-1000005.2" id="QQ2-11-106">Export Lists</a></span>
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<br /> <span class="sectionToc" >5.3 <a
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href="haskellch5.html#x11-1010005.3" id="QQ2-11-107">Import Declarations</a></span>
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<br /> <span class="sectionToc" >5.4 <a
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href="haskellch5.html#x11-1060005.4" id="QQ2-11-112">Importing and Exporting Instance Declarations</a></span>
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<br /> <span class="sectionToc" >5.5 <a
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href="haskellch5.html#x11-1070005.5" id="QQ2-11-113">Name Clashes and Closure</a></span>
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<br /> <span class="sectionToc" >5.6 <a
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href="haskellch5.html#x11-1110005.6" id="QQ2-11-117">Standard Prelude</a></span>
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<br /> <span class="sectionToc" >5.7 <a
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href="haskellch5.html#x11-1140005.7" id="QQ2-11-120">Separate Compilation</a></span>
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<br /> <span class="sectionToc" >5.8 <a
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href="haskellch5.html#x11-1150005.8" id="QQ2-11-121">Abstract Datatypes</a></span>
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<br /><span class="chapterToc" >6 <a
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href="haskellch6.html#x13-1160006" id="QQ2-13-122">Predefined Types and Classes</a></span>
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<br /> <span class="sectionToc" >6.1 <a
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href="haskellch6.html#x13-1170006.1" id="QQ2-13-123">Standard Haskell Types</a></span>
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<br /> <span class="sectionToc" >6.2 <a
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href="haskellch6.html#x13-1260006.2" id="QQ2-13-132">Strict Evaluation</a></span>
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<br /> <span class="sectionToc" >6.3 <a
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href="haskellch6.html#x13-1270006.3" id="QQ2-13-133">Standard Haskell Classes</a></span>
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<br /> <span class="sectionToc" >6.4 <a
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href="haskellch6.html#x13-1350006.4" id="QQ2-13-142">Numbers</a></span>
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<br /><span class="chapterToc" >7 <a
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href="haskellch7.html#x14-1420007" id="QQ2-14-152">Basic Input/Output</a></span>
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<br /> <span class="sectionToc" >7.1 <a
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href="haskellch7.html#x14-1430007.1" id="QQ2-14-153">Standard I/O Functions</a></span>
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<br /> <span class="sectionToc" >7.2 <a
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href="haskellch7.html#x14-1470007.2" id="QQ2-14-157">Sequencing I/O Operations</a></span>
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<br /> <span class="sectionToc" >7.3 <a
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href="haskellch7.html#x14-1480007.3" id="QQ2-14-158">Exception Handling in the I/O Monad</a></span>
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<br /><span class="chapterToc" >8 <a
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href="haskellch8.html#x15-1490008" id="QQ2-15-159">Foreign Function Interface</a></span>
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<br /> <span class="sectionToc" >8.1 <a
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href="haskellch8.html#x15-1500008.1" id="QQ2-15-160">Foreign Languages</a></span>
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<br /> <span class="sectionToc" >8.2 <a
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href="haskellch8.html#x15-1510008.2" id="QQ2-15-161">Contexts</a></span>
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<br /> <span class="sectionToc" >8.3 <a
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href="haskellch8.html#x15-1530008.3" id="QQ2-15-163">Lexical Structure</a></span>
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<br /> <span class="sectionToc" >8.4 <a
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href="haskellch8.html#x15-1540008.4" id="QQ2-15-164">Foreign Declarations</a></span>
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<br /> <span class="sectionToc" >8.5 <a
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href="haskellch8.html#x15-1610008.5" id="QQ2-15-172">Specification of External Entities</a></span>
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<br /> <span class="sectionToc" >8.6 <a
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href="haskellch8.html#x15-1690008.6" id="QQ2-15-180">Marshalling</a></span>
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<br /> <span class="sectionToc" >8.7 <a
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href="haskellch8.html#x15-1700008.7" id="QQ2-15-181">The External C Interface</a></span>
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<br /><span class="chapterToc" >9 <a
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href="haskellch9.html#x16-1710009" id="QQ2-16-184">Standard Prelude</a></span>
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<br /> <span class="sectionToc" >9.1 <a
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href="haskellch9.html#x16-1720009.1" id="QQ2-16-185">Prelude <span
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class="pcrr7t-">PreludeList</span></a></span>
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<br /> <span class="sectionToc" >9.2 <a
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href="haskellch9.html#x16-1730009.2" id="QQ2-16-186">Prelude <span
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class="pcrr7t-">PreludeText</span></a></span>
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<br /> <span class="sectionToc" >9.3 <a
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href="haskellch9.html#x16-1740009.3" id="QQ2-16-187">Prelude <span
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class="pcrr7t-">PreludeIO</span></a></span>
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<br /><span class="chapterToc" >10 <a
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href="haskellch10.html#x17-17500010" id="QQ2-17-188">Syntax Reference</a></span>
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<br /> <span class="sectionToc" >10.1 <a
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href="haskellch10.html#x17-17600010.1" id="QQ2-17-189">Notational Conventions</a></span>
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<br /> <span class="sectionToc" >10.2 <a
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href="haskellch10.html#x17-17700010.2" id="QQ2-17-190">Lexical Syntax</a></span>
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<br /> <span class="sectionToc" >10.3 <a
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href="haskellch10.html#x17-17800010.3" id="QQ2-17-191">Layout</a></span>
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<br /> <span class="sectionToc" >10.4 <a
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href="haskellch10.html#x17-17900010.4" id="QQ2-17-192">Literate comments</a></span>
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<br /> <span class="sectionToc" >10.5 <a
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href="haskellch10.html#x17-18000010.5" id="QQ2-17-193">Context-Free Syntax</a></span>
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<br /> <span class="sectionToc" >10.6 <a
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href="haskellch10.html#x17-18100010.6" id="QQ2-17-194">Fixity Resolution</a></span>
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<br /><span class="chapterToc" >11 <a
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href="haskellch11.html#x18-18200011" id="QQ2-18-195">Specification of Derived Instances</a></span>
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<br /> <span class="sectionToc" >11.1 <a
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href="haskellch11.html#x18-18300011.1" id="QQ2-18-196">Derived instances of <span
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class="pcrr7t-">Eq</span> and <span
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class="pcrr7t-">Ord</span></a></span>
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<br /> <span class="sectionToc" >11.2 <a
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href="haskellch11.html#x18-18400011.2" id="QQ2-18-197">Derived instances of <span
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class="pcrr7t-">Enum</span></a></span>
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<br /> <span class="sectionToc" >11.3 <a
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href="haskellch11.html#x18-18500011.3" id="QQ2-18-198">Derived instances of <span
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class="pcrr7t-">Bounded</span></a></span>
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<br /> <span class="sectionToc" >11.4 <a
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href="haskellch11.html#x18-18600011.4" id="QQ2-18-199">Derived instances of <span
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class="pcrr7t-">Read</span> and <span
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class="pcrr7t-">Show</span></a></span>
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<br /> <span class="sectionToc" >11.5 <a
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href="haskellch11.html#x18-18700011.5" id="QQ2-18-200">An Example</a></span>
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<br /><span class="chapterToc" >12 <a
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href="haskellch12.html#x19-18800012" id="QQ2-19-202">Compiler Pragmas</a></span>
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<br /> <span class="sectionToc" >12.1 <a
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href="haskellch12.html#x19-18900012.1" id="QQ2-19-203">Inlining</a></span>
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<br /> <span class="sectionToc" >12.2 <a
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href="haskellch12.html#x19-19000012.2" id="QQ2-19-204">Specialization</a></span>
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<br /> <span class="sectionToc" >12.3 <a
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href="haskellch12.html#x19-19100012.3" id="QQ2-19-205">Language extensions</a></span>
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<br /><span class="partToc" >II  <a
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href="haskellpa2.html#x20-192000II" id="QQ2-20-206">The Haskell 2010 Libraries</a></span>
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<br /><span class="chapterToc" >13 <a
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href="haskellch13.html#x21-19300013" id="QQ2-21-207"><span
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class="pcrr7t-">Control.Monad</span></a></span>
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<br /> <span class="sectionToc" >13.1 <a
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href="haskellch13.html#x21-19400013.1" id="QQ2-21-208">Functor and monad classes </a></span>
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<br /> <span class="sectionToc" >13.2 <a
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href="haskellch13.html#x21-19500013.2" id="QQ2-21-209">Functions </a></span>
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<br /><span class="chapterToc" >14 <a
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href="haskellch14.html#x22-20100014" id="QQ2-22-215"><span
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class="pcrr7t-">Data.Array</span></a></span>
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<br /> <span class="sectionToc" >14.1 <a
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href="haskellch14.html#x22-20200014.1" id="QQ2-22-216">Immutable non-strict arrays </a></span>
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<br /> <span class="sectionToc" >14.2 <a
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href="haskellch14.html#x22-20300014.2" id="QQ2-22-217">Array construction </a></span>
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<br /> <span class="sectionToc" >14.3 <a
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href="haskellch14.html#x22-20400014.3" id="QQ2-22-218">Accessing arrays </a></span>
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<br /> <span class="sectionToc" >14.4 <a
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href="haskellch14.html#x22-20500014.4" id="QQ2-22-219">Incremental array updates </a></span>
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<br /> <span class="sectionToc" >14.5 <a
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href="haskellch14.html#x22-20600014.5" id="QQ2-22-220">Derived arrays </a></span>
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<br /> <span class="sectionToc" >14.6 <a
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href="haskellch14.html#x22-20700014.6" id="QQ2-22-221">Specification </a></span>
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<br /><span class="chapterToc" >15 <a
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href="haskellch15.html#x23-20800015" id="QQ2-23-222"><span
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class="pcrr7t-">Data.Bits</span></a></span>
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<br /><span class="chapterToc" >16 <a
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href="haskellch16.html#x24-20900016" id="QQ2-24-223"><span
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class="pcrr7t-">Data.Char</span></a></span>
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<br /> <span class="sectionToc" >16.1 <a
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href="haskellch16.html#x24-21000016.1" id="QQ2-24-224">Characters and strings </a></span>
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|
<br /> <span class="sectionToc" >16.2 <a
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href="haskellch16.html#x24-21100016.2" id="QQ2-24-225">Character classification </a></span>
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<br /> <span class="sectionToc" >16.3 <a
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href="haskellch16.html#x24-21400016.3" id="QQ2-24-228">Case conversion </a></span>
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<br /> <span class="sectionToc" >16.4 <a
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href="haskellch16.html#x24-21500016.4" id="QQ2-24-229">Single digit characters </a></span>
|
|
<br /> <span class="sectionToc" >16.5 <a
|
|
href="haskellch16.html#x24-21600016.5" id="QQ2-24-230">Numeric representations </a></span>
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|
<br /> <span class="sectionToc" >16.6 <a
|
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href="haskellch16.html#x24-21700016.6" id="QQ2-24-231">String representations </a></span>
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<br /><span class="chapterToc" >17 <a
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href="haskellch17.html#x25-21800017" id="QQ2-25-232"><span
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class="pcrr7t-">Data.Complex</span></a></span>
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<br /> <span class="sectionToc" >17.1 <a
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href="haskellch17.html#x25-21900017.1" id="QQ2-25-233">Rectangular form </a></span>
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<br /> <span class="sectionToc" >17.2 <a
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href="haskellch17.html#x25-22000017.2" id="QQ2-25-234">Polar form </a></span>
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<br /> <span class="sectionToc" >17.3 <a
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href="haskellch17.html#x25-22100017.3" id="QQ2-25-235">Conjugate </a></span>
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|
<br /> <span class="sectionToc" >17.4 <a
|
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href="haskellch17.html#x25-22200017.4" id="QQ2-25-236">Specification </a></span>
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<br /><span class="chapterToc" >18 <a
|
|
href="haskellch18.html#x26-22300018" id="QQ2-26-237"><span
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class="pcrr7t-">Data.Int</span></a></span>
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<br /> <span class="sectionToc" >18.1 <a
|
|
href="haskellch18.html#x26-22400018.1" id="QQ2-26-238">Signed integer types </a></span>
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|
<br /><span class="chapterToc" >19 <a
|
|
href="haskellch19.html#x27-22500019" id="QQ2-27-239"><span
|
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class="pcrr7t-">Data.Ix</span></a></span>
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<br /> <span class="sectionToc" >19.1 <a
|
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href="haskellch19.html#x27-22600019.1" id="QQ2-27-240">The <span
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class="pcrr7t-">Ix </span>class </a></span>
|
|
<br /> <span class="sectionToc" >19.2 <a
|
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href="haskellch19.html#x27-22700019.2" id="QQ2-27-241">Deriving Instances of <span
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class="pcrr7t-">Ix</span></a></span>
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<br /><span class="chapterToc" >20 <a
|
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href="haskellch20.html#x28-22800020" id="QQ2-28-242"><span
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class="pcrr7t-">Data.List</span></a></span>
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<br /> <span class="sectionToc" >20.1 <a
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href="haskellch20.html#x28-22900020.1" id="QQ2-28-243">Basic functions </a></span>
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<br /> <span class="sectionToc" >20.2 <a
|
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href="haskellch20.html#x28-23000020.2" id="QQ2-28-244">List transformations </a></span>
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<br /> <span class="sectionToc" >20.3 <a
|
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href="haskellch20.html#x28-23100020.3" id="QQ2-28-245">Reducing lists (folds) </a></span>
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<br /> <span class="sectionToc" >20.4 <a
|
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href="haskellch20.html#x28-23300020.4" id="QQ2-28-247">Building lists </a></span>
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<br /> <span class="sectionToc" >20.5 <a
|
|
href="haskellch20.html#x28-23800020.5" id="QQ2-28-252">Sublists </a></span>
|
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<br /> <span class="sectionToc" >20.6 <a
|
|
href="haskellch20.html#x28-24100020.6" id="QQ2-28-255">Searching lists </a></span>
|
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<br /> <span class="sectionToc" >20.7 <a
|
|
href="haskellch20.html#x28-24400020.7" id="QQ2-28-258">Indexing lists </a></span>
|
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<br /> <span class="sectionToc" >20.8 <a
|
|
href="haskellch20.html#x28-24500020.8" id="QQ2-28-259">Zipping and unzipping lists </a></span>
|
|
<br /> <span class="sectionToc" >20.9 <a
|
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href="haskellch20.html#x28-24600020.9" id="QQ2-28-260">Special lists </a></span>
|
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<br /> <span class="sectionToc" >20.10 <a
|
|
href="haskellch20.html#x28-25000020.10" id="QQ2-28-264">Generalized functions </a></span>
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<br /><span class="chapterToc" >21 <a
|
|
href="haskellch21.html#x29-25500021" id="QQ2-29-269"><span
|
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class="pcrr7t-">Data.Maybe</span></a></span>
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<br /> <span class="sectionToc" >21.1 <a
|
|
href="haskellch21.html#x29-25600021.1" id="QQ2-29-270">The <span
|
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class="pcrr7t-">Maybe </span>type and operations </a></span>
|
|
<br /> <span class="sectionToc" >21.2 <a
|
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href="haskellch21.html#x29-25700021.2" id="QQ2-29-271">Specification </a></span>
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<br /><span class="chapterToc" >22 <a
|
|
href="haskellch22.html#x30-25800022" id="QQ2-30-272"><span
|
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class="pcrr7t-">Data.Ratio</span></a></span>
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<br /> <span class="sectionToc" >22.1 <a
|
|
href="haskellch22.html#x30-25900022.1" id="QQ2-30-273">Specification </a></span>
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<br /><span class="chapterToc" >23 <a
|
|
href="haskellch23.html#x31-26000023" id="QQ2-31-274"><span
|
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class="pcrr7t-">Data.Word</span></a></span>
|
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<br /> <span class="sectionToc" >23.1 <a
|
|
href="haskellch23.html#x31-26100023.1" id="QQ2-31-275">Unsigned integral types </a></span>
|
|
<br /><span class="chapterToc" >24 <a
|
|
href="haskellch24.html#x32-26200024" id="QQ2-32-276"><span
|
|
class="pcrr7t-">Foreign</span></a></span>
|
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<br /><span class="chapterToc" >25 <a
|
|
href="haskellch25.html#x33-26300025" id="QQ2-33-277"><span
|
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class="pcrr7t-">Foreign.C</span></a></span>
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<br /><span class="chapterToc" >26 <a
|
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href="haskellch26.html#x34-26400026" id="QQ2-34-278"><span
|
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class="pcrr7t-">Foreign.C.Error</span></a></span>
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<br /> <span class="sectionToc" >26.1 <a
|
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href="haskellch26.html#x34-26500026.1" id="QQ2-34-279">Haskell representations of <span
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class="pcrr7t-">errno </span>values </a></span>
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<br /><span class="chapterToc" >27 <a
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href="haskellch27.html#x35-26900027" id="QQ2-35-283"><span
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class="pcrr7t-">Foreign.C.String</span></a></span>
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<br /> <span class="sectionToc" >27.1 <a
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href="haskellch27.html#x35-27000027.1" id="QQ2-35-284">C strings </a></span>
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<br /> <span class="sectionToc" >27.2 <a
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href="haskellch27.html#x35-27300027.2" id="QQ2-35-287">C wide strings </a></span>
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<br /><span class="chapterToc" >28 <a
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href="haskellch28.html#x36-27400028" id="QQ2-36-288"><span
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class="pcrr7t-">Foreign.C.Types</span></a></span>
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<br /> <span class="sectionToc" >28.1 <a
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href="haskellch28.html#x36-27500028.1" id="QQ2-36-289">Representations of C types </a></span>
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<br /><span class="chapterToc" >29 <a
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href="haskellch29.html#x37-28000029" id="QQ2-37-294"><span
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class="pcrr7t-">Foreign.ForeignPtr</span></a></span>
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<br /> <span class="sectionToc" >29.1 <a
|
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href="haskellch29.html#x37-28100029.1" id="QQ2-37-295">Finalised data pointers </a></span>
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<br /><span class="chapterToc" >30 <a
|
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href="haskellch30.html#x38-28500030" id="QQ2-38-299"><span
|
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class="pcrr7t-">Foreign.Marshal</span></a></span>
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<br /><span class="chapterToc" >31 <a
|
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href="haskellch31.html#x39-28600031" id="QQ2-39-300"><span
|
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class="pcrr7t-">Foreign.Marshal.Alloc</span></a></span>
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<br /> <span class="sectionToc" >31.1 <a
|
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href="haskellch31.html#x39-28700031.1" id="QQ2-39-301">Memory allocation </a></span>
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<br /><span class="chapterToc" >32 <a
|
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href="haskellch32.html#x40-29000032" id="QQ2-40-304"><span
|
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class="pcrr7t-">Foreign.Marshal.Array</span></a></span>
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<br /> <span class="sectionToc" >32.1 <a
|
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href="haskellch32.html#x40-29100032.1" id="QQ2-40-305">Marshalling arrays </a></span>
|
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<br /><span class="chapterToc" >33 <a
|
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href="haskellch33.html#x41-29800033" id="QQ2-41-312"><span
|
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class="pcrr7t-">Foreign.Marshal.Error</span></a></span>
|
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<br /><span class="chapterToc" >34 <a
|
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href="haskellch34.html#x42-29900034" id="QQ2-42-313"><span
|
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class="pcrr7t-">Foreign.Marshal.Utils</span></a></span>
|
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<br /> <span class="sectionToc" >34.1 <a
|
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href="haskellch34.html#x42-30000034.1" id="QQ2-42-314">General marshalling utilities </a></span>
|
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<br /><span class="chapterToc" >35 <a
|
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href="haskellch35.html#x43-30600035" id="QQ2-43-320"><span
|
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class="pcrr7t-">Foreign.Ptr</span></a></span>
|
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<br /> <span class="sectionToc" >35.1 <a
|
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href="haskellch35.html#x43-30700035.1" id="QQ2-43-321">Data pointers </a></span>
|
|
<br /> <span class="sectionToc" >35.2 <a
|
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href="haskellch35.html#x43-30800035.2" id="QQ2-43-322">Function pointers </a></span>
|
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<br /> <span class="sectionToc" >35.3 <a
|
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href="haskellch35.html#x43-30900035.3" id="QQ2-43-323">Integral types with lossless conversion to and from pointers </a></span>
|
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<br /><span class="chapterToc" >36 <a
|
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href="haskellch36.html#x44-31000036" id="QQ2-44-324"><span
|
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class="pcrr7t-">Foreign.StablePtr</span></a></span>
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<br /> <span class="sectionToc" >36.1 <a
|
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href="haskellch36.html#x44-31100036.1" id="QQ2-44-325">Stable references to Haskell values </a></span>
|
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<br /><span class="chapterToc" >37 <a
|
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href="haskellch37.html#x45-31300037" id="QQ2-45-327"><span
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class="pcrr7t-">Foreign.Storable</span></a></span>
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<br /><span class="chapterToc" >38 <a
|
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href="haskellch38.html#x46-31400038" id="QQ2-46-328"><span
|
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class="pcrr7t-">Numeric</span></a></span>
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<br /> <span class="sectionToc" >38.1 <a
|
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href="haskellch38.html#x46-31500038.1" id="QQ2-46-329">Showing </a></span>
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<br /> <span class="sectionToc" >38.2 <a
|
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href="haskellch38.html#x46-31600038.2" id="QQ2-46-330">Reading </a></span>
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<br /> <span class="sectionToc" >38.3 <a
|
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href="haskellch38.html#x46-31700038.3" id="QQ2-46-331">Miscellaneous </a></span>
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<br /><span class="chapterToc" >39 <a
|
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href="haskellch39.html#x47-31800039" id="QQ2-47-332"><span
|
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class="pcrr7t-">System.Environment</span></a></span>
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<br /><span class="chapterToc" >40 <a
|
|
href="haskellch40.html#x48-31900040" id="QQ2-48-333"><span
|
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class="pcrr7t-">System.Exit</span></a></span>
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<br /><span class="chapterToc" >41 <a
|
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href="haskellch41.html#x49-32000041" id="QQ2-49-334"><span
|
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class="pcrr7t-">System.IO</span></a></span>
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<br /> <span class="sectionToc" >41.1 <a
|
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href="haskellch41.html#x49-32100041.1" id="QQ2-49-335">The IO monad </a></span>
|
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<br /> <span class="sectionToc" >41.2 <a
|
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href="haskellch41.html#x49-32200041.2" id="QQ2-49-336">Files and handles </a></span>
|
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<br /> <span class="sectionToc" >41.3 <a
|
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href="haskellch41.html#x49-32400041.3" id="QQ2-49-338">Opening and closing files </a></span>
|
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<br /> <span class="sectionToc" >41.4 <a
|
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href="haskellch41.html#x49-32900041.4" id="QQ2-49-343">Operations on handles </a></span>
|
|
<br /> <span class="sectionToc" >41.5 <a
|
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href="haskellch41.html#x49-33700041.5" id="QQ2-49-351">Text input and output </a></span>
|
|
<br /><span class="chapterToc" >42 <a
|
|
href="haskellch42.html#x50-34100042" id="QQ2-50-355"><span
|
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class="pcrr7t-">System.IO.Error</span></a></span>
|
|
<br /> <span class="sectionToc" >42.1 <a
|
|
href="haskellch42.html#x50-34200042.1" id="QQ2-50-356">I/O errors </a></span>
|
|
<br /> <span class="sectionToc" >42.2 <a
|
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href="haskellch42.html#x50-34500042.2" id="QQ2-50-359">Types of I/O error </a></span>
|
|
<br /> <span class="sectionToc" >42.3 <a
|
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href="haskellch42.html#x50-34600042.3" id="QQ2-50-360">Throwing and catching I/O errors </a></span>
|
|
<br /><span class="likechapterToc" ><a
|
|
href="haskellli3.html#x51-34700042.3" id="QQ2-51-361">Bibliography</a></span>
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